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Hematology and Immunology > 3.02 Histology > Flashcards

3.02 Histology Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

How many liters of blood does a human being have?

A

5 liters

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2
Q

Aggregation of similar tissues in a matrix

A

Connective tissue

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3
Q

4 blood components:

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Platelets
  4. Plasma
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4
Q

Red blood cells have a high affinity for the dye __, hence they are called __. They can also be described as __.

A

eosin; eosinophilia; acidophilic

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5
Q

Blood component that dyes salmon pink/lilac

A

Neutrophilia

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6
Q

Blood cell that has an affinity for basic dye methylene blue

A

Basophilia

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7
Q

This blood cell’s DNA is in the nuclei, and the RNA in its cytoplasm

A

Basophilia

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8
Q

Blood cells that have an affinity for blue dyes

A

Azuraphilia

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9
Q

Azure dyes are typical of __

A

Lysosomes

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10
Q

Main function of erythrocytes

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

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11
Q

Why are red blood cells biconcave?

A

to increase the ratio of surface area to volume of the cell; this increases the transport efficiency of red blood cells

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12
Q

What are the two factors that account for why RBCs are biconcave?

A

Proteins and water content

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13
Q

What is the main protein responsible for the shape of an RBC?

A

Spectrin

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14
Q

What determines the water content of a cell?

A

Number of solutes

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15
Q

T/F. RBCs have no nuclei, but they contain organelles.

A

False. RBCs have neither nuclei nor organelles.

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16
Q

Premature form of RBCs

A

Reticulocytes

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17
Q

T/F. All RBCs have no nuclei.

A

True. Reticulocytes have no nuclei, but have nuclear material.

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18
Q

What is/are the clinical important of Reticulocytes?

A

-serve as guides in showing how well the bone marrow is producing RBCs

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19
Q

Antigens are found in the surface of which blood cells?

A

RBCs

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20
Q

Reticulocytes lose what kind of dye affinity after 24 hours in circulation; this means that they lose affinity for (acidic/basic) dyes because they lose their __.

A

basophilia; basic; nuclear material

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21
Q

There is a normal range of __ - __ platelets were cubic millimeter of blood

A

150,000-450,000

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22
Q

Formation of plug so that blood will not escape the endothelial lining

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A

platelet adhesion

23
Q

Stage of clotting where platelets start to clump together

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A

platelet aggregation

24
Q

peripheral zone : 1. ___ :: central zone : 2. ___

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A
  1. hyalomere

2. granulomere

25
What are the two classifications of white blood cells, and which WBCs are classified under each of them?
- Granular (polymorphonuclear) 1. Neutrophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils - Non-granular (mononuclear) 1. Lymphocytes 2. Monocytes
26
These are the only formed elements that are complete cells, with nuclei and usual organelles
Leukocytes
27
There are __ - __ WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
4,800-10,800
28
1. Formed element that is characterized by its several lobes. 2. The more lobes there are, the (older/younger) the formed element.
1. Neutrophil | 2. older
29
Kinds of granules of granulocytes and their functions
1. specific - involved in non-enzymatic antibacterial activity 2. azurophilic - correspond to lysosomes, rich in enzymes, first to appear
30
What other enzymes are present in neutrophils?
Gelatinase, there are also secretory granules
31
Function of neutrophils
fight bacterial infection
32
What do drumsticks show?
an inactive X chromosome
33
Which blood elements stay intravascular?
RBCs and platelets
34
What is diapedesis?
process as to how WBCs exit cells through capillaries
35
What is chemotaxis?
process when neutrophils move to an area where the bacteria are; homing in on inflammatory chemicals/chemotactic agents
36
T/F. Neutrophils die after they have completed their 'mission'
True. The pus produced in wounds is dead neutrophil
37
What are the characteristics of eosinophils? (number of lobes, trademark color, function and location)
bilobed; pink-stained; associated with parasitism and allergies; mainly found in tissues exposed to allergens (GI tract, respiratory, spleen)
38
What are the characteristics of basophils? (lobes, differentiated from eosinophils, affinity of granule to particular dyes)
bilobed like eosinophils but have darker granules; basophilic, sometimes considered metachromatic
39
Two substances contained in granules of basophils and their functions
1. heparin - anticoagulant | 2. histamine - allergic reactions
40
The only WBC that returns to blood
Lymphocyte
41
Characteristics of lymphocytes (nucleus staining, abundance, granules)
darkly stained nucleus, second most abundant WBC, cytoplasm does not have discrete granules unlike neutrophils
42
Classifications of Lymphocytes
T cells and B cells
43
Describe T cells
After production in bone marrow, goes to the thymus; helps in recognition and destruction of foreign agents; uses lymphokines to to signal B cells
44
Describe B cells
After production in bone marrow, goes directly to the blood; produces immunoglobulins
45
Substance used by T cells to communicate with B cells
Lymphokines
46
Largest of the WBCs
Monocytes
47
WBC with notched nucleus, cytoplasm relatively free of granules
Monocytes
48
Main function of Monocytes?
Ingest cellular debris and older cells that need to be cleaned our of the system
49
What do you call monocytes that have migrated through the vessel walls and are now in the periphery?
Tissue macrophages
50
Fluid component of blood
Plasma
51
What are the plasma proteins? What are their functions?
Albumin: prevents regression of fluids out of the vessels Globulins: mainly for immune response Fibrinogen: clotting Complement: immune response
52
What is the main function of blood plasma?
Colloidal pressure: maintain the balance between intravascular volume and cellular fluid
53
Plasma without the proteins is called __.
Serum

Hematology and Immunology (11 decks)

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