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Hematology and Immunology > 3.13 Innate and Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

3.13 Innate and Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four mechanisms of innate immunity?

A
  1. Pattern recognition
  2. Leukocyte recruitment
  3. Phagocytosis
  4. Complement activation
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2
Q

___ are receptors of the innate immunity that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns on pathogens

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

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3
Q

T/F. The molecular pattern targeted by the PRR is produced only by the pathogen and never by the host

A

True

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4
Q

PAMPs are recognized by which immunity system?

A

Innate system

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5
Q

T/F. PAMPs are merely recognition sites for PRRs. They are not significant for the survival of microbes.

A

False. They are important for integrity and survival of microbes

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6
Q

Membrane spanning proteins that contain repeating segments of 24 to 29 amino acids containing leucine-rich repeats to their extracellular region

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

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7
Q

What is the function of TLRs?

A

To recognize specific PAMPs

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8
Q

T/F. TLRs can be found in the outer and inner part of the cells.

A

True. TLRs for extracellular ligands are found on the surface (1,2,3,5,6), while TLRs for intracellular ligands are localized in intracellular component (3,7,8,9)

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9
Q

Process wherein leukocytes adhere to endothelial cells in affected regions and pass through the walls of capillaries and into the tissue spaces to migrate to the site of infection

A

leukocyte recruitment

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10
Q

Three steps of Leukocyte recruitment. Describe each.

A
  1. Rolling
  2. Binding
  3. Transmigration
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11
Q

The rolling step in leukocyte recruitment is mediated by what?

A

Selectin; attract leukocytes to site of infection

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12
Q

What happens during binding?

A

Integrins will be produced; leukocytes start to attach to basement membrane

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13
Q

What happens during transmigration?

A

Guided by chemokines, leukocytes go out of the blood vessel towards the tissue

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14
Q

Energy-dependent mechanism that involves the binding of phagosomes with lysosomes; this is also accompanied by other leukocytes in a multipronged attack

A

Phagocytosis

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15
Q

Phagocytosis employs

a) oxidative attack
b) nonoxidative attack
c) both
d) neither

A

C.

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16
Q

Oxidative attack involves __ and __

A

Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species

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17
Q

What generates ROS?

A

NADPH phagosome oxidase

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18
Q

A process wherein the oxygen consumed by phagocytes to support ROS production is provided by increasing the oxygen uptake of the cell several-fold

A

Respiratory burst

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19
Q

Four features of innate immune system

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Non-clonal distribution of receptors
  3. Discrimination of self and non-self
  4. Use of soluble recognition molecules
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20
Q

How is the specificity of the innate immunity dictated?

A

Encoded in the germline

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21
Q

Two kinds of anti-microbial peptides from the barriers

A
  1. Defensins

2. Cathelicidins

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22
Q

Where are defensins synthesized?

A

epithelial cells of the mucosa and granule containing leukocytes

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23
Q

Functions of defensins

A

direct toxicity

activate pathways of inflammation

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24
Q

Where do cathelicidins come from?

A

neutrophils and epithelial barriers; injury in epithelial cells causes an increase in the production of cathelicidins

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25
Function of cathelicidins
Direct toxicity | Leukocyte activation
26
Specialized cells found in some linings of the body (GI) that helps one check fro intestinal infections
Intraepithelial lymphocytes
27
Two cellular components of the innate immune system
lymphocytes and phagocytes
28
Subset of B cells that produces phosphorylcholine and LPS IgM specific antibodies
B1 subset of B cells
29
Four kinds of phagocytes
Neutrophils Monocytes/macrophages NK cells Dendritic cells
30
Usually the first to respond; can mediate any kind of infection, by releasing specific granules or enzymes released
Neutrophils
31
Azurophilic granules contain __ and __
defensins and cathelicidins
32
Specific granules contain __, __ and __
elastase, colleganase, lysozyme
33
T/F. Enzymes can dictate which kinds of infection the neutrophil can mediate earliest.
True
34
Phagocyte that can recognize infected and/or stressed cells; stimulates the maturation of the dendritic cells
NK cells
35
Two cytokines produced by NK cells
interferon gamma | tumor necrosis factor alpha
36
What is the function of interferon gamma?
mediator of macrophage activation and regulator of TH cell development
37
T/F. MHC Class I is normally present in healthy uninfected cells.
True
38
T/F. There are more MHC Class I in stressed cells.
False. They are reduced or absent in stressed cells.
39
Considered as early cellular responders to viral infection and they produce interleukin
Dendritic cells
40
Where are circulating effector proteins produced?
Liver
41
What are the functions of circulating effector proteins?
Recognition of bacteria and fungi; apoptotic cells; phosphorylcholine and phosphodiethanolamin in pathogens causes opsonization and complement activation
42
Requirement for complement system to act
sequential proteolysis of proteins
43
3 pathways for activation of the complement pathway
classical alternative mannose binding
44
The classical pathway is triggered by
the activation of C1 complex
45
What composes the C1 complex, and what does it need to bind to in order for it to work?
C1q, C1r, C1s (proteases) | binding to two antibodies
46
What activated the alternative pathway?
Surface of the microbe
47
What are the 4 serum proteins involved in the alternative pathway?
C3, factor B, factor D, properdin
48
Proteins that recognize and bind to specific carbohydrate targets to their mannose residues
Lectins
49
T/F. The lectin/mannose binding lectin (MBL) pathway depends on antibodies for its activation
False
50
T/F. The MBL pathway, being a mannose binding lectin pathway, naturally ONLY activates during the binding to the mannose found on the surface of foreign cells.
False. MBL pathway also recognizes oligosaccharides thatare present in bacteria and yeast; fucose, glucose, acetylglocosamine present in parasites
51
Where the three complement pathways converge
Formation of the membrane attack complex
52
The formation of MAC involves which complement proteins?
C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
53
The formation of MAC culminates in the formation of __ that produces __ and __.
C5 convertase C5a C5b
54
What binds to the surface of the target cell and provides a binding site for the subsequent components of the MAC?
C5b fragment from C5 convertase
55
The formation of MAC ultimately leads to the formation of a __ that changes the __ of the cell
formation of a PORE that changes the OSMOLARITY of the cell this eventually leads to cell lysis
56
A molecule that binds to both antigen and phagocyte thereby enhancing phagocytosis
Opsonin
57
What is the major opsonin of the complement system?
C3b
58
What are the four regulators of the complement system?
C1 inhibitor Decay-accelerating factor Factor I CD59
59
What does the C1 inhibitor do?
C1 will bind to C1r and C1s, rendering C1q useless
60
What does DAF do?
Inhibits the coupling of C2b and C4b, thereby stopping the formation of C3 convertase
61
What does Factor I do?
Inhibits formation of C3 convertase by binding to C3b to render it inactive
62
What does CD59 do?
Binds to C5b and inhibit formation of MAC
63
What are the two signals that activate lymphocytes?
1. Innate immune response to microbe attaching to an antigen receptor 2. Induction of molecules in the innate response or stimulators
64
Characteristic of certain lymphocytes prefer to go to certain areas of the body where they are needed
Homing
65
Mechanism present in TH1 differentiation that drives the differentiation towards the TH1 phenotype
Positive amplification loop
66
Function of TH1
Phagocyte-mediated defense against infections through macrophage activation, complement binding and opsonizing antibodies and neutrophil activation
67
When does IL-4 activate transcription factor STAT6?
In response to microbes and antigens that cause persistent or repeated T-cell stimulation with little inflammation or macrophage activation
68
What is the master regulator of TH2 differentiation? What induces its expression? It enhances the expression of which cytokine genes?
GATA3 STAT6 and TCR IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
69
GATA3 inhibits TH1 differentiation by:
inhibiting expression of the signaling chain of the IL-12 receptor
70
Function of TH2:
Promote IgE and eosinophil/mast cell-mediated immune reactions to protect against helminthic infections
71
Serine proteases that cleave proteins at aspartate residues
Granzymes
72
Facilitates delivery of granzymes into the cytosol of the target cell
Perforin
73
Assembles granzyme-perforin complex
Serglycin
74
IFN-Y can also stimulate which immunoglobulin?
IgG

Hematology and Immunology (11 decks)

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