3.1 Cognitive Aspects

Question 1

Norman (1993) distinguishes between two general modes of cognition:

Answer 1

• experiential cognition
• reflective cognition

Question 2

____________ (2011) describes them (experiential & reflective) in terms of fast and slow thinking

Answer 2

Kahnerman

Question 3

The many different kinds of cognition:

Answer 3

1. Thinking
2. Remembering
3. Learning
4. Daydreaming
5. Decision making
6. Seeing
7. Reading, Writing, Talking…

Question 4

A state of mind in which we perceive, act, and react to events around us intuitively and effortlessly

Answer 4

Experiential Cognition

Question 5

Requires reaching a certain level of expertise and engagement

Answer 5

Experiential Cognition

Question 6

Examples of experiential cognition are:
1. ____________ a car
2. ____________ a book
3. Having a ____________
4. ____________ a video game

Answer 6

Driving…. Reading… conversation… Playing

Question 7

________________________ and slow thinking involve:
1. Mental effort
2. Attention
3. Judgment
4. Decision making

Answer 7

Reflective cognition

Question 8

This kind of cognition is what leads to new ideas and creativity

Answer 8

Reflective cognition

Question 9

Examples of reflective cognition include:

Answer 9

• designing
• learning
• writing a book

Question 10

Other ways of describing cognition are in terms of:
1. The ____________ in which it takes place

Answer 10

context

Question 11

Other ways of describing cognition are in terms of:
1. The context in which it takes place
2. The _________ that are employed

Answer 11

tools

Question 12

Other ways of describing cognition are in terms of:
1. The context in which it takes place
2. The tools that are employed
3. The __________ and _____________ that are used

Answer 12

artifacts…. interfaces

Question 13

Other ways of describing cognition are in terms of:
1. The context in which it takes place
2. The tools that are employed
3. The artifacts and interfaces that are used
4. The _______ involved

Answer 13

people

Question 14

Cognition has also been described in terms of specific kinds of processes:

Answer 14

• Attention
• Perception and Recognition
• Memory

Question 15

Perceiving, thinking, remembering, learning

Answer 15

Knowledge to HCI

Question 16

Understanding others, talking with others, manipulating others

Answer 16

Knowledge to HCI

Question 17

Making decisions, solving problems, daydreaming

Answer 17

Knowledge to HCI

Question 18

Planning a meal, imagining a trip, painting, writing, composing

Answer 18

Knowledge to HCI

Question 19

This is the process of selecting things to concentrate on, at a point in time, from the range of possibilities available

Answer 19

Attention

Question 20

Two kinds of attention:

Answer 20

1. Auditory attention
2. Visual attention

Question 21

Making information salient when it needs attending to

Answer 21

Attention

Question 22

Use techniques that make things stand out like colour, ordering, spacing, underlining, sequencing, and animation

Answer 22

Attention

Question 23

Refers to how information is acquired from the environment via the different sense organs and transformed into experiences of objects, events, sounds, and tastes (Ruth, 1986)

Answer 23

Perception

Question 24

Involving other cognitive process such as memory, attention, and language

Answer 24

Perception

Question 25

Bordering, sounds, speech, and tactile feedback

Answer 25

Perception

Question 26

Involves recalling various kinds of knowledge that allow us to act appropriately

Answer 26

Memory

Question 27

We, as humans, don't remember everything --- involves ____________ and processing

Answer 27

filtering

Question 28

Use of icons rather than names/labels

Answer 28

Memory

Question 29

Design interfaces that promote recognition rather than recall by using menus, icons, and consistently placed objects

Answer 29

Memory

Question 30

Knowledge is often described as a _______________

Answer 30

mental model

Question 31

Users develop an understanding of a system through learning and using it

Answer 31

Mental Models

Question 32

____________ described mental models as internal constructions of some aspect of the external world enabling predictions to be made

Answer 32

Craik (1943)

Question 33

- How to use the system - What to do with unfamiliar systems or unexpected situations

Answer 33

Mental Models

Question 34

Mental models involve unconscious and conscious processes, where ____________ and ____________ are activated

Answer 34

images... analogies

Question 35

Deep vs ____________ models (e.g., how to drive a car and how it works/operates)

Answer 35

shallow

Question 36

Concerned with explaining how we interact with external representations --- e.g., maps, notes, diagrams

Answer 36

External cognition

Question 37

- Remind us that we need to do something - Remind us of what to do - Remind us when to do something

Answer 37

External representations

Question 38

When a tool is used in conjunction with an external representation to carry out a computation (e.g., pen and paper)

Answer 38

Computational Offloading

Question 39

____________ involves modifying existing representations through making marks

Answer 39

Annotation

Question 40

_________________ involves externally manipulating items into different orders or structure

Answer 40

Cognitive tracing