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AA > 3.2 Cardiac Function > Flashcards

3.2 Cardiac Function Flashcards

1
Q

General parts of CV system

A

Blood, heart and vasculature

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2
Q

Which side of the heart is pulmonary?

A

Right

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3
Q

Which side of the heart is systemic?

A

Left

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4
Q

Which side of the heart has significant musculature?

A

Left

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5
Q

3 layers of cardiac histology

inner to outer

A

Endocardium
Myocardium (cardiac muscle)
Epicardium

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6
Q

Endothelial cells always…

A

Touch blood (In the endocardium)

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7
Q

Heart muscle cells (name)

A

Cardiomyocytes

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8
Q

What are the general features of cardiomyocytes similar to? (Z-discs, I/A bands, thin / thick filaments of myosin?

A

Skeletal muscle sarcomere

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9
Q

Why are cardiomyocytes similar to neurons?

A

They maintain a resting membrane potential

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10
Q

Two types of cardiomyocytes

A

Pacemaker (1%) and contractile cells (99%)

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11
Q

How do cardiomyocyes maintain negative membrane potentials?

A

Na / K+ Pumps

Pumping out Ca2+

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12
Q

How do cardiomyocytes pump out Ca2+?

A

Secondary active transport with Na+

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13
Q

Do pacemaker cells have a true RMP?

A

No but they bottom out at -60 mV

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14
Q

Do contractile cells have a true RMP?

A

Yes, -90mV

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15
Q

Mitochondria are what percent of cardiomyocytes?

A

25%

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16
Q

What are cardiomyocyes reliant upon?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

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17
Q

What is coronary ischemia?

A

Essentially a heart attack, blockage of blood flow, cells die because they are so reliant on oxygen

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18
Q

What does hypoxia do? (depolarize / hyper polarize)

A

Depolarize, bring them more positive, away from RMP

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19
Q

Cardiac pacemaker and conductile tissue is..

A

Autorythmic

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20
Q

Does reaching threshold to cause an action potential in cardiomyocytes require neuronal action potentials or acetylcholine?

A

NO

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21
Q

What is normally the cardiac pacemaker?

A

SA node

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22
Q

Depolarization rate: location

A

SA node > AV node > Purkinje

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23
Q

If unmodified by ANS, what does the SA node set the heart rate as?

A

100 BPM

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24
Q

What happens if there is SA node damage?

A

AV node assumes (slower) pacemaker role which leads to Brachycardia

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25
Ectopic foci
AKA ectopic pacemaker, other irritated of hypoxic tissue can cause premature contractions
26
Any region can become the pacemaker if...
It is the fastest to depolarize
27
What causes the gradual rise in RMP of pacemaker cells?
Na + leakage (until threshold) through slow voltage gated channels Determines heart rate!
28
What rapid influx causes depolarization in pacemaker cells?
Influx of Ca+ through fast voltage gated Ca2+ channels
29
What outflow causes repolarization in pacemaker cells?
Outflow of K+ through voltage gated K+ channels
30
In order to increase heart rate, what would your body do?
Leak more sodium faster (sympathetic influence)
31
Do neurons leak sodium like pacemaker cells?
NO
32
Cardiomyocte cells are _____ coupled
Electrically
33
Cardiac mycoses share a "continuous" cytoplasm via...
Intercalated discs, leaky interconnections containing gap junctions (large pores) and desmosomes ( strong cell-cell ties or anchors)
34
Why are cardiomyocytes electrically coupled?
Creates a synctium where electrical depolarization spreads between cells
35
What connects every cell in heart? (notes)
Gap junctions
36
What keeps cells physically connected to each other? (notes)
Intercalated disks
37
What are found within intercalated disks? (notes)
Gap junctions and desmosomes
38
What must the depolarizing current travel through to reach the ventricles?
AV node (delays impulse)
39
What occurs during the depolarization phase of contractile cardiomyocytes?
Na+ influx through fast Na+ voltage gated channels
40
What occurs during the plateau phase of contractile cardiomyocytes?
- Voltage gated K+ channels open and K+ flows out | - Slow voltage gated Ca2+ channels open (prolonging depolarization)
41
What occurs during the repolarization phase of contractile cardiomyoctes?
Voltage gated Ca2+ channels close, voltage gated K+ channels remain open, potassium flows out of the cell
42
What is the function of the plateau?
Prevents tetany and is a potent signal for contraction of sarcomere
43
What cells does an EKG measure?
Contractile cardiomyocytes
44
Why can't you see atrial repolarization?
"Buried" by depolarization occurring in ventricles
45
What is an EKG?
Myocardial electrical currents detected on skin
46
What occurs during the p-wave?
Atrial depolarization
47
What occurs during the QRS complex?
Ventricular depolarization
48
What occurs during the T-wave?
Ventricular repolarization
49
Ventricular systole
Ventricles are contracting and emptying blood to arteries
50
Ventricular Diastole
Ventricles are relaxed and then filled by the atria
51
What interval is systole?
Q-T interval
52
When on the EKG does diastole occur?
End of T to beginning of next Q
53
What would an enlarged P or R wave be indicative of?
Atrial or ventricular hypertrophy
54
What would a larger Q wave or flattened T wave mean?
Myocardial infarction
55
What would elongation of the P-Q interval indicate?
Scarring from coronary artery disease
56
What would an S-T interval raised above baseline indicate?
Scarring from coronary artery disease
57
What would an elongated Q-T interval indicate?
Oxygen deprived ventricles
58
What is cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumped per minute
59
Equation of cardiac output
CO = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
60
HR =
Beats / minure
61
Stroke volume =
Volume of blood ejected / beat OR (EDV - ESV)
62
End diastolic volume
The amount of blood into the relaxed volume
63
End systolic volume
Amount of blood left in heart after contraction
64
Chronotropic agents
Affect heart rate (sympathetic nervous system) Alter SA and AV node
65
Inotropic agents
Affect stroke volume | Alter Ca2+ levels in sarcoplasm
66
Brainstem Cardiovascular Center and the Autonomic Nervous system
Based on peripheral inputs to the brainstem CV center
67
Sympathetic influence on the heart
Cardiac accelerator nerves release norepinephrine to increase HR and ventricular contractility
68
Parasympathetic influence on the heart
Vagus nerves release acetylcholine to decrease HR and ventricular contractility
69
How does epinephrine and norepinephrine create a stronger contraction (and increase stroke volume)?
Increases Ca influx into cardiomyocytes
70
What do thyroid hormones do?
Increase heart rate and contractility

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