3.1 Blood Flashcards by Jenna Wahler

Blood is…

A liquid connective tissue

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4 Functions of blood

Regulation of homeostasis
Transport
Protection
Hemostasis

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What percentage of whole blood does plasma make up?

55%

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What is plasma made up of?

92% Water

Colloid with 7% proteins

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What are the 4 proteins in plasma?

Liver albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Regulatory

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What is plasma

An aqueous solution with electrolytes, nutrients, gases, waste products

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A 160 pound person would have how many quarts of plasma?

About 5

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What percentage of whole blood do red blood cells make up?

44%

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How are red blood cells measured

In a hematocrit analysis

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What percentage of whole blood are white blood cells?

1 %

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What are white blood cells also called in a hematocrit analysis?

The buffy coat

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White blood cells most to least common

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

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Hemopoiesis

a.k.a. hematopoiesis

Process of blood cell production

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Hemopoietic stem cell

Red bone marrow
Self renewal
Transplantable

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What is differentiation of cell sub-types regulated by?

Growth factors
(e. g. erythropoietin)
“niches”

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Myeloid lineage

All stages of origin and development in red bone marrow

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What cells are in the myeloid lineage?

Some leukocytes
RBCs
Megakaryocytes (platelets)

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Lymphoid

Just origin in bone marrow

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What cells are in the lymphoid lineage?

B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells

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Where do lymphocytes get their name?

They must migrate within lymphatic system (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, gland, bone marrow)

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Lymphoid leukemia

A liquid timor of cells

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Lymphoma

Solid tumor of lymphocytes

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Function of Red blood cells

Atmospheric gas transport

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Oxygen in blood

99% Carried by hemoglobin in RBCs

1% Dissolved in plasma

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CO2 in blood

7% Dissolved in plasma 23% covalently bound to hemoglobin 70% Transported by plasma as bicarbonate ions

How is CO2 converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-)?

Via carbonic anhydrase enzyme expressed in Red blood cells

Does a RBC have a nucleus?

What does oxygen bind to in RBCs?

Iron in heme, turns it bright red

Is heme a protein?

No, the globin that carries heme is a protein

Protein organizes the ____ which organizes the ______ which binds the____

Heme Iron Oxygen

What can heme iron also bind?

Carbon monoxide which binds more tightly and prevents oxygen binding

Erythropoiesis

RBC birth | Sensitive to blood oxygen content and hormones

What is the stimulus for erythropoiesis?

Decreased blood oxygen levels

What detects low blood oxygen?

Kindey

What cells release erythropoietin (Epo) into the blood?

Kidney cells

What is the kidney in the RBC life cycle?

Receptor and control center

What does EPO do?

Stimulates red bone marrow to increase the rate of production of erythrocytes

What happens when increased oxygen levels are detected by the kidney?

EPO is inhibited (negative feedback)

How long are RBCs viable for?

~120 days

What happens to the globin (protein part) during death / recycling?

Degraded into AAs

What happens to heme during death / recycle?

Converted to bilirubin, secreted in bile from liver | ------> feces

What is an excessive accumulation of bilirubin called?

Jaundice

How can blood not get rejected by all recipients?

RBCs do not have MHCs (Major histocompatibility complex)

Neutrophils

Phagocytize (eat) bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes and other foreign matter, in bloodstream or interstitial spaces

Neutrophils leave circulation (emigrate) and...

Enter tissues at infection site

Basophils

Leave circulation and emigrate into tissues, play a role in inflammatory responses / allergic reactions (pro-inflammatory)

What do basophils produce?

Histamine

Eosinophils leave circulation and..

Enter tissues during inflammatory response

Eosinophils

Destroy inflammatory chemicals like histamine ( anti-inflammatory) ((Help regulate basophils)

Monocytes

Leave circulation an become macrophages; phagocytic cells that reside in tissues.

What are monocytes associated with?

Associated with severe infections

Where do cells from lymphoid lineages migrate?

To lymphatic tissues where they proliferate in response to specific antigens

What do cells in lymphoid lineages mediate?

Acquired immunity (immune memory) specific to a particular antigen

B-cells (lymphocyte)

Recognize foreign protein antigens and produce antibodies which is a part of the humoral defense

Why do vaccines work for your entire life?

Because of B-cells!

T-cells and Natural killer cells

Can directly phagocytize and destroy bacteria or virally infected cells

What does hemostasis prevent?

Hemorrhage: loss of large volumes of blood

3 Steps to hemostasis

1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation (blood clotting)

What is vascular spasm?

Vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle at the site of damage

What triggers vascular spasm at the site of damage?

Release of - Thromboxanes from activated platelets - Endothelin from damaged endothelial cells

What are platelets?

Anuclear pieces of megakaryocytes

Thrombopoiesis

-Platelet formation

Thrombocytopenia

Low platelets

Thrombocytosis

High platelets

Step 1 of platelet plug formation

Platelets bind exposed collagen and release thromboxane that recruits and activates other circulating platelets

Step 2 of platelet plug formation

Activated platelets bind soluble fibrinogen in bloodstream

Step 3 of platelet plug formation

Fibrinogen begins to cross-link platelets together to form a jelly-like plug

Coagulation cascade: | Tissue or vessel damage + platelet plug formation recruits..

Clotting factors from the plasma

What are clotting factors?

Enzymes and structural proteins

Stage 1 of the amplification cascade of coagulation

Platelets activate prothrombinase

Stage 2 of the amplification cascade of coagulation

Prothrombin ->thrombin

Stage 3 of amplification cascade of coagulation

Fibrinogen -> Fibrin

Result of amplification cascade

Fibrin matrix + platelets = strong clots

What does heparin do?

Anticoagulant, inhibits thrombin via enzymes

3.1 Blood Flashcards

(74 cards)