4.1 Digestive System part 2 (Submucosal secretions)

Question 1

Submucosal secretions into the GI tract are from the…

Answer 1

Glandular epithelium in (salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, small intestine, large intestine…)

Question 2

Are the glands that produce submucosal secretions considered exocrine or endocrine glands?

Answer 2

Exocrine

Question 3

What two types of saliva do the salivary glands produce?

Answer 3

Serous and mucous

Question 4

Serous saliva

Answer 4

Solubilizes food

Question 5

Mucous saliva

Answer 5

Lubricates passage of food

Question 6

What counteracts acidic foods? (Salivary gland secretions)

Answer 6

Buffers (sodium bicarbonate)

Question 7

Salivary amylase

Answer 7

Initiates carbohydrate digestion by chemical digestion of food
-Breaks starch into disaccharides

Question 8

4 layers of stomach lining

Answer 8

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

Question 9

Mucousal cells of the gastric pits

Answer 9

Mucous cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Endocrine (G) cells

Question 10

Mucous cells

Answer 10

Secrete mucus on surface and in neck of glands, protect stomach wall from damage by acid and enzymes

Question 11

Parietal cells

Answer 11

Secrete HCl

Question 12

Chief cells

Answer 12

Produce pepsinogen enzyme, converted to active pepsin by stomach acidity (works best at pH less than 3)

Question 13

Endocrine (G) cells

Answer 13

Produce hormones (Gastrin, histamine)

Question 14

What enzyme takes carbon dioxide and water to make bicarbonate?

Answer 14

Carbonic anyhydrase

Question 15

Net effect of HCl production by parietal cells

Answer 15

Stomach pH drops

Blood pH rises

Question 16

Is the H+ going into the stomach active or passive transport?

Answer 16

Active

Question 17

Is the HCO3 going into the blood active or passive transport?

Answer 17

Passive

Question 18

Cells make up ____ but they themselves have _____

Answer 18

Villi, microvilli

Question 19

Lacteal in small intestine

Answer 19

Lymph tissue, fat absorption

Question 20

Enterocyte

Answer 20

Often called S cells because they are secreting

Question 21

Where does the blood go after leaving the small intestine?

Answer 21

The liver! It gets first dibs on the nutrients absorbed from the intestine

Question 22

What enzymes are bound to the plasma membrane of absorptive epithelial cells of the small intestine?

Answer 22

Disaccharides, peptidases and enteropeptidase

Question 23

Enteropeptidase

Answer 23

Activates inactive pancreatic enzymes by proteolytic cleavage

Question 24

Absorptive epithelial cells absorb chemically digested foodstuff, entry point for….

Answer 24

Glucose, amino acids, lipids…

Question 25

Goblet cells in small intestine

Answer 25

In duodenal glands, secrete mucus

Question 26

Enteroendocrine cells

Answer 26

Secrete hormones (Secretin, CCK)

Question 27

Paneth cells

Answer 27

Activate pancreatic proteases, phagocytize larger food borne materials

Question 28

Exocrine pancreas: Islet or Acinar cells?

Answer 28

Acinar

Question 29

Which cells lead to pancreatic cancer?

Answer 29

Acinar cells, can digest the tissue around them

Question 30

Acinar cells

Answer 30

Secrete digestive enzymes that target the four main biomolecules

Question 31

Acinar cells: Protein

Answer 31

Secreate proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin) secreted as proenzymes

Question 32

What are the proenzymes secreted by acinar cells activated by?

Answer 32

Other enzymes residing on small intestine brush border

Question 33

Acinar cells: Carbohydrates

Answer 33

Pancreatic amylase: digests starch

Question 34

Acinar cells: Lipids

Answer 34

Pancreatic lipase: Digests lipids (triglycerides)

Question 35

Acinar cells: nucleic acids

Answer 35

Pancreatic nucleases: Digest DNA and RNA

Question 36

Intercalated duct cells

Answer 36

Aqueous component of pancreatic secretions | NaHCO3- neutralizes HCl in duodenum

Question 37

Net effect of pancreatic secretions into intestine

Answer 37

Intestine pH rises | Blood pH drops

Question 38

Hepatic portal vein

Answer 38

Carries deoxygenated, yet nutrient-rich blood from small intestine directly to the liver

Question 39

Hepatic artery

Answer 39

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver

Question 40

Hepatic duct

Answer 40

Carries bile secretions to small intestine

Question 41

What are the cells actually doing the function in the liver called?

Answer 41

Hepatocytes

Question 42

Liver functions

Answer 42

Bile Production Detoxification Nutrient storage, synthesis, delivery

Question 43

What does the liver make?

Answer 43

Plasma proteins, albumen, fibrinogen, clotting factors

Question 44

Function of bile

Answer 44

- Buffers stomach acid (NaHCO3) | - Emulsifies fats (bile salts)

Question 45

Liver detoxification

Answer 45

- Amine acid metabolism creates ammonia, requires conversion to urea - Metabolize alcohol, drugs, foreign food molecules

Question 46

What does the liver do with vitamins and minerals?

Answer 46

Takes them in

Question 47

What does the liver do with cholesterol?

Answer 47

Lipoproteins for lipid transport to tissues

Question 48

What is the major secretion of the large intestine?

Answer 48

Mucus by goblet cells

Question 49

What is the main role of the large intestine?

Answer 49

Reabsorption of salts and water | -Epithelial cells reabsorb salts, water follows by osmosis

Question 50

Colorectal cancer How deadly? Precancerous... Starts where?

Answer 50

Second deadliest - Precancerous Polyps - Starts in crypts