4.4_1 Renal I

Question 1

Regulation of ion concentrations in body fluids

Answer 1

Maintains blood osmolarity by retaining water (ADH)

Question 2

Regulation of volume of body fluids and thus blood pressure

Answer 2

Managed by retention of essential ions (Na+, Cl-, K+, ca2+)

RAAS

Question 3

Regulation of blood pH (Assisting the lungs)

Answer 3

Kidney cells express carbonic anhydrase [H+] via CO2 and HCO3-

Question 4

Elimination of waste products

Answer 4

Metabolic waste: mainly urea

Xenobiotic waste: a foreign molecule

Question 5

Renal artery directs ____% of CO to the kidneys

Answer 5

22

Question 6

How many times a day is your 5L of blood filtered?

Answer 6

About 36

Question 7

Two layers to the kidney

Answer 7

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

Question 8

Renal cortex (relation to blood)

Answer 8

Isotonic to blood

Question 9

Renal medulla (relation to blood)

Answer 9

Very salty, hypertonic to blood

Question 10

All nephrons begin in the…

Answer 10

Cortex

Question 11

Two types of nephrons in the kidney

Answer 11

Cortical

Juxtamedullary

Question 12

Cortical nephrons

Answer 12

85%

Have very short loops of Henle, do not leave cortex

Question 13

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 13

Start in the cortex, have long loops of Henle that penetrate deep into the medulla

Question 14

From the _____ to the _______, the kidneys are trying to capture something back from the tubular fluid

Answer 14

Proximal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

Question 15

Fluid is called filtrate in the..

Answer 15

Capsular space

Question 16

Fluid is called tubular fluid in the..

Answer 16

PCT-Collecting duct

Question 17

Fluid is called urine in the..

Answer 17

Papillary duct-urethra

Question 18

3 Processes resulting in urine formation

Answer 18

1) Glomerular Ultrafiltration
2) Tubular Reabsorption
3) Tubular Secretion

Question 19

Glomerular ultrafiltration

Answer 19

Blood plasma enters tubules as filtrate

Question 20

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 20

Filtrate moved back into blood in tubules

Question 21

Tubular secretion

Answer 21

Substances transported from blood to tubules

Question 22

Fenestrated Capillaries

Answer 22

Leaky endothelial cells (have holes)

Question 23

Glomerular Podocytes

Answer 23

Provide a selective barrier for ultrafiltration

Question 24

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Answer 24

Monitors and regulates whole blood volume and blood pressure throughout the entire body

Question 25

Renal corpuscle

Answer 25

Filtration membrane comprised of fenestrated capillaries and glomerular podocytes

Question 26

Filtration slits

Answer 26

In glomerular podocyte cells --> enable ultrafiltration

Question 27

Why do diabetic's kidneys start to fail?

Answer 27

Because it makes the muscles more rigid, which leads to higher BP and kidneys are very sensitive to chronic high BP

Question 28

What does the filtrate include?

Answer 28

Water, glucose, amino acids, ions, urea, many hormones, vitamins B and C, ketones and very small amounts of protein

Question 29

What is the main force drives ultrafiltration in glomerulus?

Answer 29

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 30

What does the endothelium in the glomerulus block?

Answer 30

Formed elements

Question 31

What does the basement membrane in the glomerulus block?

Answer 31

Large proteins

Question 32

What do the filtration slits of the visceral layer in the glomerulus block?

Answer 32

Small proteins

Question 33

What is not filterable by the glomerulus?

Answer 33

Proteins in plasma Blood cells Any large, bulky molecule

Question 34

How do you calculate renal blood flow?

Answer 34

20 % of cardiac output

Question 35

What flow really mattes when calculating glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 35

Only plasma flow | 55% plasma

Question 36

GFR

Answer 36

Volume of plasma filtrate that enters the capsular space per minute

Question 37

What percentage of plasma gets forced out of blood?

Answer 37

19%

Question 38

What percentage of what gets filtered is reabsorbed?

Answer 38

99%

Question 39

Vasa recta

Answer 39

Blood vessels around loop of Henle

Question 40

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 40

Blood vessels associated with peritubular capillaries

Question 41

Afferent arteriole

Answer 41

Incoming, larger diameter

Question 42

Efferent arteriole

Answer 42

Outflow from corpuscle, smaller diameter

Question 43

Increased vascular resistance creates...

Answer 43

1) High hydrostatic pressure upstream in fenestrated glomerular capillaries 2) Low hydrostatic pressure downstream in peritubular and vasa recta capillaries

Question 44

_______ have lowest hydrostatic pressure in entire body

Answer 44

Peritubular capillaries

Question 45

Net filtration pressure favors....

Answer 45

Filtrate entry into tubules (some things go in and some go out)