33 Structure and Composition of the Erythrocyte Flashcards

1
Q

The erythroid progenitors:

A
  • Burst-forming unit–erythroid (BFU-E)
  • Colony-forming unit–erythroid (CFU-E)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The first morphologically recognizable erythroid precursor cell in the marrow

A

Proerythroblast

Undergoes in large part 5 mitoses (range 4–6) before maturation to an orthochromatic erythroblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two forms of erythroid differentiation:

A
  • Primitive
  • Definitive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The hallmark of primitive erythron

A

Release of nucleated erythroid precursors containing embryonic hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Supplies the embryo with oxygen during the phase of rapid growth before the definitive form of maturation has had a chance to develop and seed an appropriate niche

A

Primitive erythron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Predominates during the remainder of fetal development and is the only type of erythroid maturation present through childhood and adult life

A

Definitive erythron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The definitive stage of maturation makes its appearance around __________ of embryogenesis

A

Week 5

When multipotential stem cells develop and seed the liver, which maintains the erythron for most of fetal life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

All normal human erythropoiesis occurs in the marrow in the form of

A

Erythroblastic islands

Centrally located macrophage surrounded by maturing terminally differentiating erythroid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The earliest identifiable progenitor committed to the erythroid lineage

A

Burst-Forming Unit–Erythroid (BFU-E)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dependent on erythropoietin for its development and can undergo only a few cell divisions.

Forms a smaller colony of morphologically recognizable erythroid cells in 5 to 7 days

A

Colony-Forming Unit–Erythroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Five stages of erythroblast development

A
  • Proerythroblasts
  • Basophilic erythroblast
  • Polychromatophilic erythroblasts
  • Orthochromic normoblast
  • Late orthochromatic erythroblasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  • Large cell, irregularly rounded or slightly oval
  • Nucleus occupies approximately 80% of the cell area and contains fine chromatin delicately distributed in small clumps
A

Proerythroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • Nucleus occupies three-fourths of the cell area and is composed of characteristic dark violet heterochromatin interspersed with pink-staining clumps of euchromatin linked by irregular strands
  • Wheel spokes or a clock face
  • Cytoplasm stains deep blue, leaving a perinuclear halo that expands into a juxtanuclear clear zone around the Golgi apparatus
A

Basophilic Erythroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • The cytoplasm changes from deep blue to gray as hemoglobin dilutes the polyribosome content
  • Nucleus occupies less than half of the cell area
  • The nucleolus is lost, but the perinuclear halo persists
  • Erythroblasts lose their mitotic potential
A

Polychromatophilic Erythroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • Nucleus appears almost completely dense and featureless
  • Smallest of the erythroblastic series
  • Cell movement can be appreciated under the phase-contrast microscope

The cell ultrastructure is characterized by irregular borders, reflecting its motile state

A

Orthochromic (syn. Orthochromatic) Erythroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

All normal erythroblasts are sideroblasts in that they contain iron in structures called

Essential for the transfer of iron for heme (hemoglobin) synthesis

A

Siderosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Staining for iron stores

A

Prussian blue

A minority of normal erythroblasts (approximately 15–20 %) can be identified as containing siderosomes

18
Q

2 types of pathologic sideroblasts

A
  • Erythroblast that has an increase in number and size of Prussian blue–stained siderotic granules throughout the cytoplasm.
  • Erythroblast that shows iron-containing granules that are arranged in an arc or a complete ring around the nucleus (ring or ringed sideroblasts)
19
Q

Maturation of the reticulocyte requires _____ hours

A

48 to 72 hours

20
Q

Are released into the circulation during an intense erythropoietin response to acute anemia or experimentally in response to large doses of exogenously administered erythropoietin

A

“Stress” reticulocytes

Macroreticulocytes

These cells may be twice the normal volume, with a corresponding increase in mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) content.

Quantification is commonly performed by applying a fluorescent stain to tag RNA and then dividing reticulocytes into high-, medium-, and low-fluorescence categories using a fluorescence-sensitive flow cytometer.

21
Q

Are small nuclear remnants that have the color of a pyknotic nucleus on Wright-stained films and show a positive Feulgen reaction for DNA.

Present in the blood of persons who have undergone splenectomy and in patients with megaloblastic anemia, and hyposplenic states

A

Howell-Jolly Bodies

22
Q

Have surface membrane “pits” or craters

Begin to rise post-splenectomy, reaching a plateau at 2 to 3 months

Counts are sometimes used as a surrogate test for splenic function.

A

Pocked (or Pitted) Red Cells

23
Q

The ringlike or figure-of-eight structures sometimes seen in megaloblastic anemia within reticulocytes and in an occasional, heavily stippled, late-intermediate megaloblast

A

Cabot Rings

24
Q

Has punctate basophilia represents aggregated ribosomes

Found in In conditions such as lead intoxication, pyrimidine 5’-nucleotidase deficiency, and thalassemia, the altered reticulocyte ribosomes have a greater propensity to aggregate

A

Basophilic Stippling

25
Denatured proteins, primarily **hemoglobin** stained supravitally with **brilliant cresyl blue or crystal violet**, that form in red cells as a result of chemical insult Found in hereditary defects of the **hexose monophosphate shunt**; in the **thalassemias**; and in **unstable hemoglobin syndromes**
Heinz Bodies
26
Composed of β4 tetramers, indicating that β chains are present in excess as a result of impaired α-chain production Brilliant cresyl blue causes the formation of a large number of small membrane-bound inclusions, giving the cell a characteristic **“golf ball–like”** appearance when viewed by light microscopy. Found in **α-thalassemia** and in rare patients with **primary myelofibrosis**
Hemoglobin H Inclusions
27
**Iron granulations** are larger and more numerous in the pathologic state May contain degenerating **mitochondria**, **ribosomes**, and other cellular remnants.
Siderosomes and Pappenheimer Bodies ## Footnote **Siderosomes** usually are found in the cell **periphery**, whereas basophilic stippling tends to be distributed homogeneously throughout the cell. **Pappenheimer bodies** are siderosomes that stain with Wright stain; confirmed by the presence of **acid phosphatase**
28
The normal resting shape of the erythrocyte is a
Biconcave disc
29
Normal RBC Diameter: Average volume: Surface area:
Diameter: 7 to 8 μm Average volume: 90 fL Surface area: 140 μm ## Footnote Stains **reddish-brown** with Wright-stained blood films and pink with Giemsa stain. The **central third of the cell appears relatively pale** compared with the periphery, reflecting its biconcave shape.
30
During its ________ -day life span, the red cell travels approximately ____ km and loses approximately ____ % of its cell surface area.
100- to 120-day 250 km 15 to 20%
31
The resiliency and fluidity of the membrane to deformation is regulated by the ________________
Spectrin-based membrane skeleton
32
Red cell deformability is influenced by three distinct cellular components:
* (1) **cell shape or cell geometry**, which determines the ratio of cell surface area to cell volume (SA:V; higher values of SA:V facilitate deformation); * (2) **cytoplasmic viscosity**, which is primarily regulated by the **mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)** and is therefore influenced by alterations in cell volume; * (3) **membrane deformability and mechanical stability**, which are regulated by multiple membrane properties, which include elastic shear modulus, bending modulus, and yield stress
33
A ___ % reduction in surface area results in rapid removal of red cells by the human spleen.
17%
34
A very good marker of cell age
Glycated hemoglobin ## Footnote The densest 1% of circulating red cells are the most aged—they have the highest levels of glycated hemoglobin
35
Represent red cells, with the **most decreased SA:V ratio** Seen in hereditary spherocytosis, immune hemolytic anemia, stored blood, Heinz body hemolytic anemia and caused by cell fragmentation
Spherocytes
36
Are seen in hereditary stomatocytosis, as well as in hereditary spherocytosis, alcoholism, cirrhosis, obstructive liver disease, and erythrocyte sodium pump defects
Stomatocytes
37
Are seen in hereditary elliptocytosis as well as in thalassemia, iron deficiency, and megaloblastic anemia
Elliptocytes
38
In blood films of normal subjects, elliptical or oval cells usually constitute _________ % of the erythrocytes.
less than 1%
39
Has irregularly shaped, with 2 to 10 hemispherically tipped spicules of variable length and diameter Seen in neuroacanthocytosis and in abetalipoproteinemia
Acanthocytes
40
Results from a relative excess of membrane surface area or decreased cell volume leading to increased SA:V ratio Seen in obstructive liver disease, hemoglobinopathies (S and C), thalassemia, iron deficiency, postsplenectomy, and lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase deficiency.
Target Cells (Codocytes) ## Footnote Target red cells are osmotically resistant
41
The fusiform cell in the crescent shape with two pointed extremities is encountered most commonly in deoxygenated blood samples as a result of polymerization of sickle hemoglobin.
Sickle Cells (Drepanocytes) ## Footnote Upon reoxygenation, the sickle cell resumes the discocyte form and, in so doing, can lose membrane by microspherulation and fragmentation during retraction of long spicules
42
Seen in microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [TTP], disseminated intravascular coagulation [DIC], vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, renal graft rejection), carcinomatosis, heart valve hemolysis (prosthetic or pathologic valves), severe burns, and march hemoglobinuria
Fragmented Cells (Schistocytes)