33 Structure and Composition of the Erythrocyte Flashcards
The erythroid progenitors:
- Burst-forming unit–erythroid (BFU-E)
- Colony-forming unit–erythroid (CFU-E)
The first morphologically recognizable erythroid precursor cell in the marrow
Proerythroblast
Undergoes in large part 5 mitoses (range 4–6) before maturation to an orthochromatic erythroblast
Two forms of erythroid differentiation:
- Primitive
- Definitive
The hallmark of primitive erythron
Release of nucleated erythroid precursors containing embryonic hemoglobin
Supplies the embryo with oxygen during the phase of rapid growth before the definitive form of maturation has had a chance to develop and seed an appropriate niche
Primitive erythron
Predominates during the remainder of fetal development and is the only type of erythroid maturation present through childhood and adult life
Definitive erythron
The definitive stage of maturation makes its appearance around __________ of embryogenesis
Week 5
When multipotential stem cells develop and seed the liver, which maintains the erythron for most of fetal life
All normal human erythropoiesis occurs in the marrow in the form of
Erythroblastic islands
Centrally located macrophage surrounded by maturing terminally differentiating erythroid cells
The earliest identifiable progenitor committed to the erythroid lineage
Burst-Forming Unit–Erythroid (BFU-E)
Dependent on erythropoietin for its development and can undergo only a few cell divisions.
Forms a smaller colony of morphologically recognizable erythroid cells in 5 to 7 days
Colony-Forming Unit–Erythroid
Five stages of erythroblast development
- Proerythroblasts
- Basophilic erythroblast
- Polychromatophilic erythroblasts
- Orthochromic normoblast
- Late orthochromatic erythroblasts
- Large cell, irregularly rounded or slightly oval
- Nucleus occupies approximately 80% of the cell area and contains fine chromatin delicately distributed in small clumps
Proerythroblasts
- Nucleus occupies three-fourths of the cell area and is composed of characteristic dark violet heterochromatin interspersed with pink-staining clumps of euchromatin linked by irregular strands
- Wheel spokes or a clock face
- Cytoplasm stains deep blue, leaving a perinuclear halo that expands into a juxtanuclear clear zone around the Golgi apparatus
Basophilic Erythroblasts
- The cytoplasm changes from deep blue to gray as hemoglobin dilutes the polyribosome content
- Nucleus occupies less than half of the cell area
- The nucleolus is lost, but the perinuclear halo persists
- Erythroblasts lose their mitotic potential
Polychromatophilic Erythroblasts
- Nucleus appears almost completely dense and featureless
- Smallest of the erythroblastic series
- Cell movement can be appreciated under the phase-contrast microscope
The cell ultrastructure is characterized by irregular borders, reflecting its motile state
Orthochromic (syn. Orthochromatic) Erythroblasts
All normal erythroblasts are sideroblasts in that they contain iron in structures called
Essential for the transfer of iron for heme (hemoglobin) synthesis
Siderosomes
Staining for iron stores
Prussian blue
A minority of normal erythroblasts (approximately 15–20 %) can be identified as containing siderosomes
2 types of pathologic sideroblasts
- Erythroblast that has an increase in number and size of Prussian blue–stained siderotic granules throughout the cytoplasm.
- Erythroblast that shows iron-containing granules that are arranged in an arc or a complete ring around the nucleus (ring or ringed sideroblasts)
Maturation of the reticulocyte requires _____ hours
48 to 72 hours
Are released into the circulation during an intense erythropoietin response to acute anemia or experimentally in response to large doses of exogenously administered erythropoietin
“Stress” reticulocytes
Macroreticulocytes
These cells may be twice the normal volume, with a corresponding increase in mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) content.
Quantification is commonly performed by applying a fluorescent stain to tag RNA and then dividing reticulocytes into high-, medium-, and low-fluorescence categories using a fluorescence-sensitive flow cytometer.
Are small nuclear remnants that have the color of a pyknotic nucleus on Wright-stained films and show a positive Feulgen reaction for DNA.
Present in the blood of persons who have undergone splenectomy and in patients with megaloblastic anemia, and hyposplenic states
Howell-Jolly Bodies
Have surface membrane “pits” or craters
Begin to rise post-splenectomy, reaching a plateau at 2 to 3 months
Counts are sometimes used as a surrogate test for splenic function.
Pocked (or Pitted) Red Cells
The ringlike or figure-of-eight structures sometimes seen in megaloblastic anemia within reticulocytes and in an occasional, heavily stippled, late-intermediate megaloblast
Cabot Rings
Has punctate basophilia represents aggregated ribosomes
Found in In conditions such as lead intoxication, pyrimidine 5’-nucleotidase deficiency, and thalassemia, the altered reticulocyte ribosomes have a greater propensity to aggregate
Basophilic Stippling