Lecture 23 Signaling I

Question 1

Define endocrine/paracrine/autocrine signals

Answer 1

primary messengers

endocrine- far away
paracrine- close
autocrine- same cell

Question 2

what are receptors

Answer 2

cell surface proteins that bind ligands that are primary messengers

Question 3

what are ligands

Answer 3

molecule that binds a receptor

Question 4

what is the signal transduction pathway

Answer 4

everything that happens in response to a signal “signal cascade”

Question 5

upstream vs downstream

Answer 5

upstream- earlier

downstream- later

Question 6

what are effector molecules

Answer 6

something that affects something else in the same pathway (yes that is the definition)

Question 7

what are secondary messengers

Answer 7

small, mobile molecules that carry signals inside the cell (e.g. DAG, calcium, cAMP)

Question 8

what is crosstalk

Answer 8

When one signal pathway affects another

Question 9

What is the final goal of signaling

Answer 9

to activate transcription factors

Question 10

What is signal amplification

Answer 10

one molecule can result in many others responding