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AS Level > Ireland History > Flashcards

Ireland History Flashcards

1
Q

Did the Catholics and Protestants fight with Britain during the war?

A

People thought British resources would be wasted fighting Ireland, but Irish promised to fight. >29,000 UVF and 80,000 Irish volunteers (name changed to National volunteers).
However, extremists, led by Pearse and MacNeill, refused to fight in a war that had nothing to do with them. Horrendous losses in the first year of the war had more people join their side.

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2
Q

Why did John Redmond turn down a place in the Asquith coalition?

A

Redmond tuned down a place in the cabinet because of Home Rule tradition but this meant re Liberal went into coalton withthe Conservatives, reducing chance of Home Rule. Most volunteers accepted Redmond’s leadership (170,000 by this point in 1915)

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3
Q

What did the breakaways want?

A

Under MacNeill, 11,000 broke away in disgust. Some of them actually wanted to rise against the British government and claim independence, and if it failed a blood sacrifice would inspire others.

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4
Q

What did this split result in?

A

EASTER RISING!! (1916)- Extremists became the Irish Republican brotherhood and decided on a rebellion
Leaders- Roger Casement, James Connolly, Eamon deVelera and Patrick Pearse.

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5
Q

What problems did they face?

A

MacNeill (chief of staff)- would only support it if they stood a good chance. Council for Brotherhood deceived him saying the BRtiish were going to disarm the volunteers. Therefore he gave permission but furiously took it back once he found out.
German shipment of arms lay at the bottom of Queenstown harbor.
Roger Casement had been in Germany trying to get Irish prisoners-of-war to join their cause- this was a disappointment.
Going to war the others but was arrested before he could say.
Failure within Ireland- cause didn’t spread beyond Dublin city centre.

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6
Q

Did this affect their spirit?

A

It did NOT deter them- they still went ahead with detailed plans of seizing strongpoints in Dublin > hoped to incite rebellion int he rest of Ireland.

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7
Q

What exactly was it?

A

Easter Monday )24th April 1916)- took authorities by surprise which gave them an advantage. They seized strongpoints like General Post Office which controlled operations. Patrick Pearse made his speech, declaring a republic.

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8
Q

Did it work?

A

FAILED- street fighting only lasted about a week. 29th April- defeated/ 30th April- surrendered. 450 Irish killed/116 British killed.
1600 rebels v 12,000 British troops.

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9
Q

How did Britain react?

A

British artillery pounded Dublin- destroyed beautiful buildings. 3,000 were arrested
-half released
- half imprisoned>90 were sentenced to death>15 were actually executed (e.g. Patrick Pearse).
regarded as martyrs- a lot of sympathy.

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10
Q

How did the government react?

A

Asquith stopped shooting of prisoners- decided to negotiate. Sent Lloyd George to Dublin to negotiate with both sides- Redmond and Carson.

  • promised Redmond exclusion of Ulster would be temporary
  • promised Carson exclusion of Ulster would be permanent.
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11
Q

Did they accept?

A

Southern Irish Unionists stopped Carson from compromising. Irish convention from May 1917- April 1918 was summoned (representing difference parts of the world), trying to find a compromise.
Arrested Sinn Fein leaders - apparently conspiring with Germany though this was NOT generally accepted in Ireland and banned associated groups like the Irish volunteers. .

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12
Q

What happened to Sinn Fein?

A

After they were released, most joined Sinn Fein clubs, raising the member count to 250,000. They won many by-elections in 1917/18, and got more sympathy from the Catholic Church for their cause.

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13
Q

What was the issue of Conscription?

A

Lloyd George extended conscription to Ireland for all men up to 51 in exchange for Home Rule. Irish Nationalists left the House of Commons in disgust and encouraged others to resist it-joined Sinn Fein. Catholic Church also resisted it.
‘conscription issue’ posed such a threat 87,000 British troops had to be stationed to keep peace.

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14
Q

Significance of the Easter Rising?

A

Some were against the Easter Rising- cheered British troops on.
A lot found the punishments disproportionate/ unfair tot h volunteers- most RC changed from supporting Home Rule Party (up to 1918) to Sinn Fein (1916-18) which shows people though radical means were necessary.
executions boosted sympathy.

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15
Q

Eamon deVelera

A

Joined Irish volunteers in 1913
Sentenced to death (Easter Rising)- American consul intervened to stop it.
Released form poison in summer of 1916- became MP for Sinn Fein in by-election in 1917.
President of Sinn Fein -Oct 1917
President of Irish Nationalists- Dec 1917 (*after Redmond died)
Leader of BOTH Nationalists and strong republican organisation.
1926-Broke with hard-line Republicans (still wanted Home Rule
1927- formed his won Fienna Fail Party, entering the Dail Eiran.
1932- won General Election- became President of Irish Free State (put forward a constitution winch virtually undid treaty settlement).
Embedded Catholic values, against divorce…
WW2- followed a NEUTRALIST policy (but retained secret communication with the British)
1948- lost office> returned later on so President till his retirement.

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16
Q

1918 General Election

A

Marked a swing to Sinn Fein (more votes)
refused to attend Westminster
set up own Dublin Parliament )Dail Eiran)
solely committed to an Irish Republic- not co-operating with Britain at all.

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17
Q

Lloyd George’s solution?

A

proposed 2 Parliament - one in Dublin with 28 seats and one in Belfast with 51 seats.
Britain to retain control over armed forces, land, agriculture, foreign affairs
Council of Ireland consisting of 20 members form both Dublin and Belfast.

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18
Q

What happened, following the proposal of Lloyd Gorge’s solution

A

Dail Eiran-own Parliament- own law courts and the IRA for defense. British declared these illegal- bitter Anglo-Irish war followed.
Problem- Ulster reluctantly accepted the Bill (LG proposal)
Sinn Fein dismissed it- both never going to accept the other Ireland they wanted.

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19
Q

What happened, following the banning of Dial Eiran and the refusal of Lloyd George’s proposal?

A

Anglo-Irish War (1921-22)- IRA which was formed from- (Irish volunteers reformed) waged guerrilla war against Britain.
3000 IRA men v 40,000 British troops (7000 extra recruits)
British troops- divided into auxiliaries (ex army officers) and the ‘Black and Tans’ (Non-commissioned soldiers)

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20
Q

What happened in the war?

A

Palling atrocities on both sides, particularly the ‘Black and Tans’- hatred symbol of authority in Ireland.[IRA did do bombs]
Torched whole villages, drove thousands into the arms of Sinn Fein and the IRA.
IRA were protected by communities where they planned raids and ambushes.

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21
Q

What ended the Anglo-Irish War?

A

IRA dressed as civilians, hard to detect- a lot of innocent people got killed. News of atrocities grew in Britain, demanded a truce. ferocity oft he ‘Troubles’ finally convinced LLoyd GEorge to settle. . 11th Jan 1921- truce was called

22
Q

4 Main issues int he Anglo Irish Treaty?

A
  • status of what the new Irish state would be
  • oath of allegiance to the crown
  • partition of Ireland
  • Britain still using Irish ports e.g. for defence
23
Q

What did the treaty achieve?

A

Lloyd George put together a team of negotiations

  • convinced Irish that if they didn’t agree, he would be replaced with Bonar Law who would never allow any type of Irish independence (convinced them he was the best they could get)
  • They agreed to appoint a boundary commission to decide which provinces belong to Ulster and which to the rest of Ireland.
  • MAJOR SUCCESS- Republican drooped their objection to partition.
24
Q

Results of Treaty

A

6th Dec 1921
Southern Ireland was proclaimed the Irish Free State- given domination status, its own Parliament but swore an oath of allegiance to the crown and stayed a part of the British empire
The six provinces that made up Northern Ireland stayed part of the united kingdom
There was a council of Ireland (like in Lloyd George’s proposal) that paved the way for a united Ireland with members form north and south.
Northern Ireland were given a month in which to decide to stay with Britain or go to Ireland (immediately voted to stay).

25
Q

Success or Failure?

A

Most Conservatives were horrified at the control given to the common Irish people but relived at Ulster being safeguarded and the rest of Ireland still tied to the crown/empire.
IRA- felt betrayed>divided
Regulars- supported the Treaty
Irregulars- against the Treaty (stopped after the civil war in 1923).

26
Q

Was it the best they could do at the time?

A

Ironically government of Ireland agreeing to the Treaty that formally divided Ireland but many would argue this was the best they could do at the time.

27
Q

Irish Nationalist Party (Home Rule Party)

A

Became organised, disciplined under Parnell>pressed the matter of Home Rule onto 42 MPs at Westminster?split when Parnell lost the leadership> partly recovered under John Redmond in 1900>wiped out by Sinn Fein int he 1918 General Election.

28
Q

Unionsits

A

supported Act of Union between Britain and Ireland.

29
Q

Ulster

A

Northern province of Ireland (main one that opposed Home Rule- 50% Protestant)

  • originally 9 provinces that was defined of as Ulster
  • lost 3 to become 6 after 1922 in the Treaty.
30
Q

Orange Order

A

Defend protestant interests against Catholic ones

William Orange defeated James ll, Catholic King

31
Q

Edward Carson

A

Southern Irish Protestant
1910- became leader of the Unionist Party
1914- reluctantly accepted partition
1915- became Attorney-General (played a major part of removing Asquith form office)
1st Dec 1916- became a member of Lloyd George’s war cabinet- remained there until 1918
>1921- he resigned (just before Northern Ireland was established
Offered PM of N Ireland but declined.

32
Q

John Redmond

A

MP- House of Commons (firm believer in Home Rule)
became leader of the Irish Nationalist Party in 1900
1910- grew in power and importance (held the balance of power for the Liberals)
When Tory opposition grew- he looked increasing weak and dependent on the Liberals
Defeated in several by-elections by Sinn Fein in 1917/18
Died just before last defeat to Sinn Fein in 1918 General Election> DeVelera became President.

33
Q

IRA

A

Irish Republican Army (military for the Dail Eiran)

34
Q

Sinn Fein

A

strong, republic organisation

  • Released Irish revolutionaries (form associated groups to Sinn Fein like Irish volunteers and Gaelic League) joined under Sinn Fein clubs.
  • 250,000 members
  • won many by-elections 1917/18
  • supported by Catholic Church (sympathetic)
35
Q

Hoem Rule case agisnt he Unionsts case?

A

Ireland shoud rue themselves- Britian deny citizens oft ehir rights (in Southern Ireland)
Unionist: they will be given in to terrisom (Land League atrocities)
reduce Westminster MPs workload
Unionist: They would still tax ireladn- not ahev represenatation
Ireland had its own parlimetn before 18th century
Unionist: Parnell would dominate it- in 1800 it was protestant
Protestnats only make up half of Ulster and 1/4 of Ireland
Unionists: could yoy abandon the loyal protestants

36
Q

What was Liberals delay in introuciong Hoem Rule?

A

Cambnell Bannerman wasn’t keen- didn’t need it in 1906
as Gladsotn had in 1886 + 1893
Irish council bill- Redomon rejected it
1910- power was witht he Irish- demanded Home Rule

37
Q

What was Asquith’s 3rd Hoem Rule Bill?

A

1912- 2 assemblies in Irish Parliament- first be decided by Britian but two could vote together if disagree]
42 Mps at Westminster (Ireland)
safe majority for commons- Lrods power was reduced

38
Q

Why did Ulster resist home Rule?

A

feared Rome Rule (by the catholics)- lived apart
worried farmers wouldn’t understand Belfast economy (ahrtland and Wolff- moving to England)
jobs wouldn’t be safe
Gladston’es HR bill spakred off riots- coulodn’t rely on Lrods anymore

39
Q

UVF- formed in 1904 form working-class protestant unitwed clubs timeline?

A

1910- Carson became leader/UVF council formed
1911- made a speech
Sep 1912- drew up solemn league and council- claimed over 470,000 signatures
Jan 1913- military force (75,000-100,000)
Nov 1913- large forces of Irish volunteers were formed
April 1914- UVF- 35,000 rifes
May 1914- 129,000, smuggled in rifles

40
Q

What wasthe conservative reaction to UVF?

A

Bonar LAw:’ no length they could go to in which I would not be prepared to support them’
would they support armed resurrection
Why:
Thought home rule oppositon would gain them support
Liberals didn’t have a mandate since they onyl got 3 more votes in Dec 1910 election
They were bing forced into it by Irish power
Saw Liberal policies as a tyhreat to the empire

41
Q

whjat wa the Liberal reaciton to UVF v Nationilists?

A

1912 Home Rule Bill- didn’t seprate Ulster
pressure from unionsits to make ulster special case
equal pressure from nationilists to not seperate

42
Q

what happened with the bill?

A

Liberals tried to compromsie
sympathy for ulster protestants- civil rights
knew partition would mean end of Irish support
-subseqent Cnservatvie victory at next election
Unionsts prevented carson from compromising
King George V called conference in July 1914

43
Q

What was the economic situation during the war?

A 
Less imports>more food demand
more work>less unemployment
more prosperous countryside
no emigration to North America- young people stuck in countryside (less jobs for them)
Wage rises didn't match price increases
44
Q

16tth century when Irelnd was conquered by Elizabeth 1 who …?

A

put down rebellions in Ulster(ironically most rebellios part toward Engaknd) by planting scottish and english protestants there

45
Q

During Iirhs civil war in 1642 ciutnry was?

A

divided and disordered

46
Q

william of Orange deferated James ll RC were discrimanate agaisnt and onyl were allowed to form an irish Parliment?

A

Protestants

1800- it was abolished>westminster

47
Q

Religous problems in IReland?

A

90% were Roman Catholic/minoity of protestants got ldn and privelages
RC still had to pay tithes to protestant church as wella s their own

48
Q

Economic oproblems with North and south of Ireland

A

irish faremrs demanded fair rents
backward agricuktal economy with absentee english kladnlords led to hunger, dissent
Industilisation of the north divide became more obious with the deprived South

49
Q

Poltiiasl problems with northa nd south of Ireland?

A

1829- RC were allowed to sit in westminster/parlimen again

1860s- demanded soem sort of self-rule>led to Gladstones Home Rule Bills

50
Q

Asquith showed his alck of boldness when he told the british army to help with enacting of the home ruke bill (1912) when../

A

UVF and army refused to fight each other (same goal)- Carrah Mutiny 1912

AS Level (74 decks)

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