Neurobiology of Mood Disorders II

Question 1

The ___ allele of the serotonin receptor is less functional

Answer 1

short

Question 2

Individuals who are exposed to ___ and have two copies of the ____ serotonin allele are more prone to depression

Answer 2

stress; short

Question 3

A variant in the ____ gene and low ___ ____ are significant risk factors for depression as well

Answer 3

BDNF; social support

Question 4

Depression mimics ____ in the sense it increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and inflammation

Answer 4

obesity

Question 5

The ____ may show increased blood flow in severely depressed patients

Answer 5

amygdala

Question 6

The anterior cingulate is ____ and shows ____ blood flow in depressed patients

Answer 6

smaller; decreased

Question 7

MDD patients also show smaller medial _____ cortices

Answer 7

orbitofrontal

Question 8

Increased amygdala activity in MDD is associated with higher levels of this stress hormone

Answer 8

cortisol

Question 9

There is a 15-20% volume reduction in the ____ in patients with MDD

Answer 9

hippocampus

Question 10

BDNF helps _____ survive in times of stress, and having the less capable met-BDNF can result in loss of ____ volume

Answer 10

hippocampal

Question 11

The hippocampal volume loss is due to neurons ___, not ___ and therefore is ____

Answer 11

shrinking; dying; reversible

Question 12

Antidepressants may normalize ____ levels after exposure to stress

Answer 12

BDNF

Question 13

Antidepressants also help normalize ____ activity

Answer 13

amygdala

Question 14

Mania can be diagnosed by _ days of abnormally ___ or ___ mood

Answer 14

elated; irritable

Question 15

__-__% of patients have at least one psychotic episode while manic, and __ are more common than ____

Answer 15

60-90%; delusions; hallucinations

Question 16

Mania is more ___ than hypomania, and may require ____ and has a longer duration

Answer 16

hypomania; hospitalization

Question 17

Manic or hypomanic- the episode includes a psychotic event like a delusion or a hallucination

Answer 17

manic

Question 18

This subform of bipolar disorder has 4+ episodes in a year

Answer 18

rapid-cycling

Question 19

Manic episodes happen more often in the ___ and ___

Answer 19

spring and summer

Question 20

In both bipolar I and II, the ____ episodes last much longer than the ____ episodes

Answer 20

depressive; manic

Question 21

90% of bipolar patients are diagnosed before the age of

Answer 21

30

Question 22

Bipolar disorder is ___ heritable than depression

Answer 22

more

Question 23

Many bipolar patients are misdiagnosed with ____ because their manic episode hasn’t occured yet

Answer 23

depression

Question 24

Treating bipolar disorder with antidepressants makes it ___

Answer 24

worse

Question 25

Bipolar disorder is more ___ than depression, and has higher rates of ____

Answer 25

severe; suicide

Question 26

Use this drug to treat bipolar disorder

Answer 26

mood stabilizers

Question 27

Manic episodes are more ___ than depressive episodes but are ___ to treat

Answer 27

severe; easier