Neurobiology of Anxiety

Question 1

Yerkes-Dodson law correlates high performance with ____ arousal and anxiety

Answer 1

medium

Question 2

What are the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome and what NTs and organs are involved?

Answer 2

Alarm reaction; nerves carry signals to the adrenal medulla which release Epi and Norepi

Question 3

What is the pathway for the alarm reaction

Answer 3

Neuroendocrine cells release CRH into anterior pituitary, which releases ACTH into blood, which stimulates adrenal cortex to release adrenal steroids like cortisol

Question 4

The _____ stage occurs after the stressor and decreases levels of stress hormones

Answer 4

adaptation

Question 5

The ___ stage is the reaction to frequently repeated stress

Answer 5

exhaustion

Question 6

Causes of the exhaustion stage include exhaustion of ____ reserves, ____ to produce _____, and failure of ______ balance

Answer 6

lipid; inability to produce glucocorticoids; electrolyte

Question 7

____ receptor is most closely linked to anxiety and is the binding site for ______ (drug)

Answer 7

GABA-A; benzos

Question 8

Excess ____ signaling may contribute to anxiety

Answer 8

norepinephrine

Question 9

Drugs that block _____ reuptake reduce anxiety

Answer 9

serotonin or 5-HT

Question 10

Learning not to fear- presenting the __ without the ___ will extinguish the fear response

Answer 10

Conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

The fear response is ____ dependent- it can return in the original location of the conditioning

Answer 11

context

Question 12

The pathway of conditioning with involves the cortex is only needed for ___ conditioning (distinguishing conditioned stimulus from a simultaneous non-conditioned stimulus)

Answer 12

differential

Question 13

The __ ____ bypasses conscious processing and reach _____ and ____ immediately for quick responses

Answer 13

low road; thalamus; amygdala

Question 14

The ___ ___ takes longer an carries more information and goes through the ____

Answer 14

high road; hippocampus

Question 15

Both the high and low road converge in the ____ nucleus of the thalamus

Answer 15

lateral

Question 16

The ____ does higher order processing in the fear response

Answer 16

hippocampus

Question 17

The ___ does both cued and contextual fear responses, but the ____ is only required for contextual fear responses

Answer 17

amygdala; hippocampus

Question 18

The ___ is important for extinction (inhibition of expression of fear learning)

Answer 18

cortex

Question 19

_____ blockade in the ___ interferes with extinction

Answer 19

NMDA; amygdala

Question 20

Emotions can occur in the absence of ____ input

Answer 20

cognitive

Question 21

Emotion ___ perception through back projections from the ____ to the sensory areas

Answer 21

bias; amygdala