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biochem 2 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of the population has diabetes

A

8.3%

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2
Q

what percentage of people older than 60 have diabetes

A

26.9%

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3
Q

what are the 3 effects of inability to move glucose form ciruclation into energy stories

A
  • energy stores are not refilled after a meal, tissues are chronically starved
  • high conc of glucose in the circulation damages blood and renal vessels
  • high osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids leads to dehydration of tissues
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4
Q

what are the 3 main chronic morbiditeis with diabetes

A

blindness
nephropahthy
neuropathy

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5
Q

what percentage of cases of diabetes are type 1

A

10-20%

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6
Q

what are major risk factors for type 2 diabetes

A

central obesity

sedentary lifestyle

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7
Q

what usually leads to the onset to type I diabetes

A

viral infection that causes immune system to turn on insulin producing cells

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8
Q

what do drugs that treat type II diabetes do

A

stimulate insulin secretion
sensitize peripheral tissues to insulin
reduce intestinal absorption of glucose
repress gluconeogensis

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9
Q

how does insulin sensitivity change during pregnancy

A

its downregulated to allow for fetal metabolism to compete for glucose

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10
Q

how does insulin increase glucose permeability of plasma membranes

A

increase number of GLUT4 receptors

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11
Q

how does insulin affect fatty acid homeostasis

A

stimulate synthesis of fatty acids adn triglycerid

repress fat mobilization in adipose tissue by inhibiting HSL

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12
Q

how does high glucose conc affect protein

A

spontaneous glycation of protein

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13
Q

when do you see sorbitol

A

when high conc of glucose, polyol pathway generates sorbitol from glucose

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14
Q

why is sortibol dangerous

A

it’s osmotically active, draws water into cells, changes cell structure

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15
Q

what does the polyol pathway drain

A

NADPH pool

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16
Q

how do you get sorbitol to change into fructose

A

polyol dehydrogenase

17
Q

when do you get nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

A

type 2 diabetic with dehydration and hyderglycemia affecting the CNS

18
Q

what can hyperglycemia cause in extremem cases

A

non0ketotic hyperglycemin hyperosmolar coma (NKHHC)

19
Q

how does insulin affect potassium

A

stimulates K+ uptake into cells, so you get a drop in serum potassium

20
Q

incrase in serum lipoproteins and fatty acids during hyperlipidemia is due to what two factors

A
  • expression of LPL is regulated by insulin, absence of LIPL are not released from chylomicrons and VLDLs
  • absence of inuslin, HSL stays active, so aipocytes keep releasing FAs into ciruclation.
21
Q

how does insulin affect ketons

A

represses ketone body production

22
Q

when would a type I diabetic experience hypoglycermia

A

accidently overdosing

23
Q

what forms insulin

A

pre-proinsulin by proteolytic processing

24
Q

where is mature insuline stored

A

secretory vesicles

25
Q

what does insulin bind to on the target cell

A

kinase insulin recptor

26
Q

what does the kinase insule receptor do

A

phosphorylates itself and IRS1

27
Q

what does the initial phosphorylation reactive activate

A

kinase cades

28
Q

how does insuline affect glycogen synthase

A

increase glycogen synthesis

29
Q

how does insulin affect phosphorylase kinase

A

decrease glycogen degration

30
Q

how does insulin affect glycogen phosphorylase

A

decrease glycogen degradation

31
Q

how does insulin affect pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, and PFK2

A

incrase glycolysis

32
Q

how does insulin affect fructose 26 bisphosphate

A

decrease gluconeogensis

33
Q

how does insulin affect acetyl-CoA carboxylase

A

increase FA synthesis

34
Q

how does insulin affect HMG-CoA reductase

A

incrase cholesterol synthesis

35
Q

how does insulin affect hSL

A

decrease mobilization of fat

36
Q

how does insulin affect carntine acyltransferase

A

decrease ketogensis

biochem 2 (22 decks)

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