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biochem 2 > Epigenetic Phenomena > Flashcards

Epigenetic Phenomena Flashcards

1
Q

epigenetics

A

study of stable, heritable changes in gene expression taht do not inolve changes in DNA sequence

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2
Q

regulation of gene expression by epigenetics mechanisms is important for what

A
  • imprinting during development an dgametogensis
  • inactivation of X chromosome
  • progression of cancer
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3
Q

what do we use as writers of epigenetic information

A

enzymes that methylate cytosine bases

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4
Q

what do we use as copiers of epigenetic info

A

enzymes that copy methylation pattern from old DNA over a new strand

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5
Q

what do we use as readers for epigenetic info

A

enzymes that recognize methylated stretches of DNA and initated sileicning of affected chromsomal regions.

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6
Q

what usually gets silenced by methylation

A

highly repetitvie DNA
telomeres
centromeres

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7
Q

where are clusters of CpG dinucleotide repeats found

A

CpG islands close to 5’ region of genes

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8
Q

what happens if CpG islands get methylation

A

shuts down expression of neighboring genes

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9
Q

what happens if you ahve hypomethylation of genome

A

expression of genes in normally silent regions of genome

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10
Q

hypomethylation can also reactivate waht

A

transposable elements in normally genomic regions

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11
Q

how is the pattern of DNA methylation maintained

A

mitosis by DNA methyltransferase DNMT1

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12
Q

what does DNA polymerase do during DNA replication in the S phase of cell cycle

A

synthesizes a non-methylated strand on the methyalted template strand

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13
Q

how is the non-methylated strand methylated

A

by DNMT1

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14
Q

after DNA has been methylated what happens

A

repression of transtion by binding MBPs

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15
Q

waht do MBPs interact with

A

repressors of trasncription

HDACs

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16
Q

HDACs favors what

A

binding of histoones to DNA, leading to chromatin condensation

17
Q

what modifications are on histones

A

acetylation
methylation
phosphoryaltion
ubiquination

18
Q

what happens when you have acetylation of histones

A

decreases their binding affinity to DNA

19
Q

what happens when you ahve deacetylation of histones

A

increases binding affinity, silences transcritpion

20
Q

what do methylated histones bind to

A

HP1 proteins

21
Q

chromosome inaction by cytosine methylation is what kind of process

A

self-propagating

22
Q

imprinting of genomic regions is important in what 2 biological processes

A

development

matuation of gametes

23
Q

what imprinting happens during development

A

cell-type specific imprint is establism

24
Q

what imprint happens during maturation of gametes

A

parent of origin specific imprint is imposed on chromosomes

25
Q

what happens to the parent of origin specific imprint during gametogenesis

A

it gets erased and rewritten - so you reprogram your chromosomes to make them look like yours

26
Q

inacivation of x chromsome proceeds via waht

A

imprinting

27
Q

how is X chromosome inactivated

A

DNA and histones are on it are methylated, shutting down expression

28
Q

uniparental disomy

A

individual only has materal or pateranl imprinted homologues of chromsome

29
Q

example of uniparental disomy

A

beckwith-wiedemann

30
Q

what causes BWS

A

child inherits both homologues of potion of chromosome 11 from dad

31
Q

symptoms of BWS

A

kideny, adrenal, liver problems, severe hypoglycemia

32
Q

what causes prader willi

A

deletion on paternal chromosome 15

33
Q

what causes angelman

A

deletion on maternal chromosome 15

34
Q

hypermethylation often causes

A

loss of gene function

35
Q

hypomethylation often causes waht

A

genomic instability

36
Q

what causes SLE

A

genome o fT cells is hypomethylated, activity of DNMT1 reduced

biochem 2 (22 decks)

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