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biochem 2 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

cause of cancer is usually traced back to a mutation in what 3 classes

A

proto-oncogenes
tumor suppressors
caretaker genes

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2
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

control of cell division

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3
Q

caretaker gene function

A

protect integrity of genome

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4
Q

6 acquired capabilities of cancer cells

A 
self-sufficiency in growth signals
insensitivity ot antigrowth signals
evade apoptosis
limitless repolicative potential
sustained angiogensis
tissue invasion/metasis
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5
Q

ErbB1/HER1

A

receptor for epidermal growth factor

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6
Q

function of erbB1 and HER2

A

protooncogenes

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7
Q

what happens in the mutation that makes ErbB1 an oncogene

A

gives signal to grow without an appropriate sitmulus

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8
Q

what happens in the muation that makes HER2 an oncogene

A

point mutation, allows receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation in avsence of ligand

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9
Q

oncogenic forms of Ras behave inw aht manner

A

dominant

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10
Q

what cancers are mutations in Ras assocaited with

A

pancreus, large intestine, biliary tract, skin

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11
Q

what class are c-fos adn c-myc

A

protooncogenes

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12
Q

what auses burkitt’s lumphoma

A

inppropriate Mc activity

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13
Q

what transloation happens in burkitt’s lymphoma

A

chormosome 8 to 14

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14
Q

what tends to need to happen for a tumor suppressor gene to be inhbiited

A

damage to both allels of the gene (recessive)

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15
Q

what tends to need to happen for a proto-oncogene to be inhibited

A

damage to one allele (dominant)

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16
Q

Rb function

A

inhbit cell cycle progession

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17
Q

what forms are there of retinoblastoma

A

hereditary and sporadic

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18
Q

retinoblastoma is an example of what phenomon

A

two hit

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19
Q

muations in RB1 are assocaited with what kinds of cancers

A

osteosarcoma
small cell lung
breast

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20
Q

why is p53 usually unstable

A

assocaited with Mdm2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase

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21
Q

what happens when p53 is phosphorylated by ATM/ATR

A

displacement of Mdm2, making p53 more stable

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22
Q

what is the gene that iencodes p53

A

TP53

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23
Q

if DNA damage can’t be repaired what does p53 do

A

signals apoptosis

24
Q

what is the active form of p53

A

homotetramer

25
Q

what happens if you have a missense muation in a single TP53 allel

A

produces an inactive protein taht reduces p53 activity within the cell

26
Q

oncogenic p53 mutations act as what

A

dominant negative muation

27
Q

li-fraumeni syndrome is assocaited with waht kinds of cancers

A

breast, sarcoma, brain

28
Q

how do you get li-fraumeni syndrome

A

inherent a muatnt TP53 allel

29
Q

what does E6 inhbiit

A

p53

30
Q

what does E7 inhibit

A

Rb

31
Q

NF-1 follows what mechanisms

A

2-hit

32
Q

BRCA1-BRCA2 are part of what class

A

caretaker genes

33
Q

function of BRCA1/BRCA2

A

repair of double-stranded DNA breaks

34
Q

how can increased methylation affect genes

A

silences

35
Q

how can loss of methylation affect genes

A

overproduction

36
Q

what happens if you have damge to checkpoint mechanisms and teh shortened chromosomes lack telomere sequences

A

you get breakage/fusion/bridge cycles and chromosomal instability

37
Q

what happens if you lack telomeres

A

fusion of sister chromatids at mitosis, get a chromsome with 2 centromeres

38
Q

waht transcription factor does hypoxia trigger

A

HIF-1alphabeta

39
Q

what happens with HIF-1alpha pairs with HIF0-beta

A

activat VEGF

40
Q

what does VEGF do

A

stimualte growth of new blood cessels

41
Q

function of matrix metalloproteases

A

break down basement membrane

42
Q

fucntino of E cadherin

A

hold epithelial cells tightly together

43
Q

what happens when you get degration of collagen IV and laminin

A

stimulate migration

44
Q

symptom of FAP

A

get thousands to benign polyps in their colon during young age. eventuallly will get colorectal adenocarcomia

45
Q

how do you get RAF

A

muation of APC

46
Q

function of APC

A

downregulate growth promoting signals.

47
Q

what happens when you ahve a muajtion that impairs APC function

A

constitutively active WNT pathway

48
Q

what happens in absense of WNT signals

A

formation of destruction complex

49
Q

what happens when WNT binds to recpetor

A

b catenin not destroyed, free beta catenin transolates into nucleus, promotes cellular proliferation

50
Q

HNPCC symptom

A

cancers of colon, stomach, small intestine

51
Q

HNPCC is assocaited with what genes

A

MSH2, MLH1

52
Q

function of MSH2

A

identify DNA containing mismatch errors

53
Q

function of MLH1

A

helps repair damaged DNA

54
Q

what happens when you get defected NSH2/MLH1

A

muations accumulate in microsatellite repeasts

55
Q

what is the transloation that heppns in philadelphia chromosome

A

chromosomes 9 and 22

56
Q

what happens when chromsones 9 and 22 are translocated

A

fusion of BCR adn ABL1

biochem 2 (22 decks)

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