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biochem 2 > Clinical Biochem > Flashcards

Clinical Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Whend o you see hyponatremia

A

water retention

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2
Q

when do you see hypernatremia

A

dehydration

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3
Q

when do you see hyperkalemia

A

renal insuffiency

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4
Q

what is a dangerous side effect of hyperkalemia

A

can trigger cardiac arrest without warning

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5
Q

what do changes in Ca++ conc indicate

A

homronal disturbances

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6
Q

where is most phosphate stored

A

bones

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7
Q

hyperphosphatemia indicates waht

A

degenerative bone disease, renal failure

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8
Q

why does hypophosphatemia matter

A

impairs glucose metabolism

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9
Q

what does CO2 pressure tell you

A

info about bicarbonate buffer system

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10
Q

how is serum urea/creatinine affected in impaired kidney function

A

increases

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11
Q

how is urine urea/creatinine affect in impaired kidney function

A

decreases

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12
Q

what odes BUN conc test

A

balance between amino acid degradation/urea production and excretion

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13
Q

elevated BUN indicates what

A

impaired renal excretion

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14
Q

increase in serum creatinine indicates waht

A

problem with GFR

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15
Q

uric acid is the end product of what

A

purine degration

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16
Q

when do you see high uric acid conc

A

problems with renal exretion

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17
Q

increased uric acid predisposes you to what

A

gout

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18
Q

indirect bilirubin

A

not conjugated to glucuronic acid, tightly bound to albumin

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19
Q

direct bilirubin

A

conjugated to glucuronic acids and water solube

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20
Q

waht is the normal serum protein conc

A

7%

21
Q

what produces albumin

A

liver

22
Q

what makes up 50% of total serum protein

A

albumin

23
Q

functions of albumin

A
  • bind hydrophobic molecules
  • bind calcium
  • maintain oncotic pressure
24
Q

what do low albumin levels manifest as

A

edema

25
Q

what is the most common cause for hypoalbuminemia

A

liver disease

26
Q

globulin

A

heteerogeneous mixture of proteins secreted by cells of immune system.

27
Q

what do globubins indicat

A

funciton of immune system

28
Q

what secretes c-reactive protein

A

liver

29
Q

what does c-reactive protein indicate

A

acute metabolic response to injury

30
Q

when do CRP levels rise

A

6 hours after injury,

31
Q

when is the peak of CRP

A

48 hours after injury

32
Q

What heart muscle enzymes are released from damaged cardiomyocytes

A 
myoglobin
creatine kinase
AST
troponin
LDH
33
Q

when is myoglobin high

A

right after a MI

34
Q

when is CK-MB high

A

early after an MI

35
Q

when is AST high

A

after CK-MB

36
Q

what are the most sensitive markers for an MI

A

troponin

37
Q

when is LDH high

A

several days after an MI

38
Q

what are increased serum levels of AP indicated of

A

bone or liver disease

39
Q

what is the difference of AP in liver and vone disease

A

liver disease has high bilirubin, bone doesn’t

40
Q

high AST and low ALT indicates waht

A

heart or other muscle damage

41
Q

high AST and ALT indicates waht

A

liver damage

42
Q

what does urine analysis test for

A

glucose
bilirubin
ketone
protein

43
Q

when do you see ketones in urine

A

uncontroleld diabetes, or stravation

44
Q

when do you see protein in urine

A

renealse disease, o rfrom blood or leukocytes in urine

45
Q

when do you see bilirubin in urine

A

biliary obstruction

46
Q

liver function tests, tests what

A

bilirubine
ALT and AST
alkaline phospahte

47
Q

how is urine osmoliaty affected by renal failure

A

low in relaure failure

48
Q

high c-peptide is a measure of waht

A

endogenous production of insuline

biochem 2 (22 decks)

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