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biochem 2 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

G1

A

growth phase before DNA synthesis

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2
Q

G2

A

second growth period that’s before cell division

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3
Q

M phase

A

cell division

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4
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

start or restriction point. cell tells if conditions are faborable for division

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5
Q

G2/M chekcpoint

A

make sure all DNA has been replicated and the environment is still favorable for division

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6
Q

metaphase/anaphase transition point

A

all chromosomes are evalutated to ensure that they are attached to mitotic spindle

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7
Q

DNA damage checkpoint

A

functions throughout the cell cycle, detects damage ti DBA

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8
Q

CDKs

A

enzymes that help progress through the cell cycle

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9
Q

M phase Cyclin/CDK complexs

A

Cyclin A/CDK1

Cyclin B/CDK1

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10
Q

Mid G1 cyclin/CDK complexes

A

cyclin D/CDK4

Cyclin D/ CDK6

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11
Q

late G1 cyclin.CDK complexes

A

Cyclin E/CDK2

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12
Q

S cylin CDK compelx

A

cyclin A/CDK2

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13
Q

how are cyclins degraded

A

ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis

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14
Q

how is cyclin B ubiquinited

A

anaphase promoting complex

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15
Q

mitogenic signals

A

tissue-specific growth factors

required to stimulate cell growth and dvision

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16
Q

what phase are most differentiated cell in

A

G0

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17
Q

in general what do interactions between cell and ECM do

A

promote cell division

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18
Q

in general what do interactions between neighboring cells do

A

inhibit cell division

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19
Q

contract inhibition

A

two neighboring cells contact each other and inhibit cell dibision

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20
Q

early-response genes

A

genes transcribed within a few minutes of addition of gorwth factor to a cell in G0

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21
Q

what is a key player amoung the early-response genes

A

transcription factor c-FOs

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22
Q

function of c-fos

A

stimulate transcripition of delayed response genes

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23
Q

what do the recceptors for gorwth facotors contain

A

intrinsic tyrosine kinase activitry

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24
Q

what does ligand binding to receptors for growth factors tirgger

A

recpetor dimerixation, autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the recpetor

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25
Q

how do most growth factors stimulate transcription of the gene encording c-fos

A

MAP kinase cascade

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26
Q

how does MAP kinase cascade start

A

GRB2 binds to phosphotyrosine residues within the activated receptor.

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27
Q

what happesn after GRB2 bindws

A

binds to SOs, brining it into the cell membrane

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28
Q

what happens when Sos is in the cell membrane

A

activates Ras

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29
Q

what does active Ras do

A

activates Raf

30
Q

what does activated Raf do

A

activate MAP kinase kinase

31
Q

what does MAP kinase kinase do

A

activate MAP kinase

32
Q

what does MAP kinase do

A

stimulate c-Fos transcirption

33
Q

what happens after the cell passes the restrition point

A

it can go through the S, G2, M phases of cell cycle in the absense of growth factors

34
Q

what is the key target for cycline D-CDK4/6 compelx

A

retinoblastoma protein (RB)

35
Q

fucntion of Rb

A

binds to E2F proteins

36
Q

functino of E2F proteins

A

transcription factors, stimulate transciriiption of cyclin E and cyclin A and CDK2.

37
Q

when E2F is bound to Rb how does it function

A

as a repressor instead of activator

38
Q

when cyclin E-CDK2 is present, Rb phosporylation because what

A

independt of cyclin D-CDK4.6

39
Q

INK4

A

growth inhibitory factors taht compete with cyclin D for binding to CDK4/6

40
Q

p27KIP1

A

small protein that forms a compelx with cyclin A-CDK2,

41
Q

what is the most important driver of events leading up to mitosis

A

CDK1

42
Q

when is cyclin A present

A

from early S phase

43
Q

when does cyclin B synthesisi ahppen

A

late in S phase, incrases through G2

44
Q

when is the peak levle of cyclin B

A

metaphase of mitosis

45
Q

the cyclin/CDK1 complexes are held in an inactivate state until when

A

DNA replication is completed

46
Q

what triggers activation of anaphase promoting complex

A

appropriate arrangement of chromosomes and attachment to mitotic spindle in metaphase

47
Q

how does protein dephosphorylation affect the effects of cyclin/CDK1 actiity

A

reverse

48
Q

ATM

A

detects replication forks, activates another kinase that preents dephosphorylation and activation of cyclin/CDK1 complexes needed to enter mitosis

49
Q

when is ATM active

A

as long as replication forks are present

50
Q

what is anaphase depend ont

A

association of all chromosomes with the spindle

51
Q

what activates ATR

A

DNA damage caused by UV light and certain drugs

52
Q

activation of ATM/ATR does what

A

inhbiits phosphateaases tha tnormally dephosphorylate and activate cycline/CDK2 and cyclin/CDK1 compelxes

53
Q

activation of ATM/ATR results in phosphorylation of waht protein

A

p53

54
Q

p53

A

transcritpion factor that is normally unsable

55
Q

importnat traget of p53`

A

p21CIP1.

56
Q

p21CIP1

A

inhbitior of cyclin-dpeendent kinases.

57
Q

what specifically does p21CIP1 inhibit

A

cylin/CDK1 and cycline/CDK2

58
Q

what caues ataxia-telangiectasisa

A

muations in protein kianse ATM

59
Q

symptoms of ataxia telangeita

A

susceptivle to infection (especially chronic lung)

increases risk for leukemia, lymphoma, sensitive to radiation exposure

60
Q

what produces TNF

A

macropahses

61
Q

waht produces Fas ligands

A

natural killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes

62
Q

proapoptotic proteins

A

PUMA, BID, BAX (BCL-2 family)

63
Q

BCL-2

A

antiapoptotic protein. inhibits BAX

64
Q

BAX

A

can form a channel in the mitochondrial outer membran

65
Q

function of PUMA and BID

A

stimulate BAX

66
Q

when stimualtes BAX allows the release of waht

A

cytochrome c

67
Q

what happens when cytochorome c enters cytoplasm

A

binds to Apaf-1

68
Q

what happens after cytochrome c binds to Apaf-1

A

makes apoptosomes

69
Q

function of apoptosome

A

recruite, activate caspase 9

70
Q

functino of caspase 9

A

activates caspase 3 (excustioner caspases)

biochem 2 (22 decks)

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