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A & P 2 LECTURE > 4/22- Respiratory System (Exam 4) > Flashcards

4/22- Respiratory System (Exam 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

Lungs and pipework into lungs

Gas exchange

System that oxygenated the blood and removes CO2

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2
Q

What are the 2 parts of the respiratory system?

A

1) respiratory zone- gas exchange

2) conducting zone- all of the pipe work leading into lungs (trachea, bronchi and bronchiole)

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3
Q

What are the 3 functions of the conducting zone?

A

1) filters the air you inhale (filtration)
2) warms air
3) humidifies the air

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4
Q

What is filtration?

A

Air is filled with particular matter that cannot get into lungs it will clog them

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5
Q

What are examples of filtration?

A

1) nose hairs- removes large particles

2) pseudostratified columnar epithelium- have cilia and goblet cells

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6
Q

What do goblet cells secret and explain

A

Mucus

Lives in most of the respiratory system

Sticky and tough

Mucus goes to back of throat with particles and you either swallow it or spit it out

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7
Q

What is the nasal conchae (concha) or turbinates?

A

Creates turbulence in the air you inhale in nasal cavity

Air swirls around making particular matter go across mucus surfaces and a lot is trapped

Delays air going to trachea

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8
Q

What is the warming of the air?

A

Homeostasis

Body temp 98.6 Fahrenheit

To not lose core body temp

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9
Q

What is humidification or moistening of air?

A

Atmosphere air is dry

Simple squamous epithelium can dry out of air is not humidified

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10
Q

What kind of tissue is the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

In a sealed container the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume

Volume increases pressure decreases
Volume decreases pressure increases

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12
Q

What is a direct consequence of Boyle’s law?

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

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13
Q

What are the muscles used in quiet respiration?

A

1) diaphragm- thong sheet of muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavity
2) external intercostals

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14
Q

When you inhale how is the diaphragm?

A

Diaphragm drops down

Increases volume of the chest cavity

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15
Q

What happens when the external intercostals when contracted?

A

Ribs pulls on rib cage and it rises up

Sternum is pushed out when contracted expanding volume of the chest cavity

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16
Q

What happens when the external intercostals are relaxed?

A

Angle downward

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17
Q

What happens when pressure drops below atmospheric pressure ?

A

Air forces it’s way down into your lungs and you inhale

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18
Q

When you exhale and rest the diaphragm how is it?

A

Diaphragm pops back up

Decreases volume of the chest cavity

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19
Q

When you exhale what happens to the external intercostals?

A

Rib cage drops and sternum comes in

Chest cavity volume decreases

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20
Q

What happens when the pressure is is greater than the atmospheric pressure?

A

Air comes out

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21
Q

What muscles does forced respiration, inspiration and/ or inhalation use?

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals

Sternocleidomastoid

Pectoralis minor

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22
Q

How is the sternocleidomastoid used for forced respiration?

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A

Jerks up on the sternum and clavicle

Expands the rib cage

23
Q

How is the pectoralis minor used for forced respiration?

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A

Jerks up on the ribs

24
Q

What muscles does forced expiration or exhalation use? And how are these muscles used?

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A

External and internal abdominal obliques

Transverse abdominus

Rectus abdominus

When contracted they compress internal organs and move upward under diaphragm

25
What are 3 physical factors that affect the functioning of the lungs?
1) compliance- good needs to be maximized 2) elasticity- good needs to be maximized 3) surface tension- bad needs to be minimized
26
What is compliance?
Stretchability Needs to expand lungs as much as possible Lung tissue is 100x more stretchable than rubber
27
What is elasticity?
Ability to return to ones original size and shape Ex: rubber bands Lungs need to be able to return back to normal size for the air to leave Elastic fibers- composed of elastin that criss cross through lung tissue
28
What is surface tension?
Needs to be reduced as much as possible Problem in alveoli/ alveolus
29
What are alveoli?
Microscopic Close to one another Inside moist with sheet of water Crush shot- no gas exchange Smaller they become- bigger problem
30
Do alveoli need to be tiny?
Yes a lot of surface area- tiny alveoli Increase surface area need to make them as small as possible However, smaller worse surface tension and likely they will collapse
31
What is surfactant?
Surface active agent Gets between water molecules Prevents water from forming hydrogen bonds Smaller the alveoli the better it works Produced during 8 month of pregnancy
32
What is type 1 cells?
Simple squamous epithelium (thin) Most alveoli composed of this
33
What is type 2 cells or septal cells?
Thicker than type 1 Not good for exchange surface Secret surfactant
34
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
Premature babies don’t make surfactant Alveoli collapse Treated with- mechanical respirators force alveoli to open and to administer surfactant
35
What is control respiration?
How is breathing controlled 1) local control- within lungs 2) brain- involuntary and voluntary
36
What is local respiration?
Exerted within lung Happens in 2 places 1) alveolar capillaries 2) bronchioles
37
What are alveolar capillaries?
Capillary networks that surround alveoli Constrict if alveoli doesn’t have enough O2 Prevents blood from entering Forced blood to go elsewhere
38
What are bronchioles?
Very small passageways Most of wall is smooth muscle (allows for constructing and dilation) Air high CO2 bronchioles dilate to let fresh air in
39
Where is the brains involuntary control center?
Medulla oblongata Pons
40
What is the rhythmicity center?
Sets the basic background pace of breathing
41
What is tidal breathing?
Basic relaxed breathing in and out
42
What does the pneumotaxic and ape rustic centers do?
Slows down or speeds up breathing
43
What are the receptors that signals the brain how to breathe?
Chemoreceptors Baroreceptors Stretch receptors in the lungs
44
What are chemoreceptors?
Measure CO2 and O2 In carotid arteries, aorta and chemosensitive area of the brain (medulla oblongota)
45
What does the chemosensitive area of the brain measure?
Measure CO2 and O2 in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) CO2 high O2 low= breathe more quickly CO2 low O2 high= rate of breathing slows down
46
What is hyperventilation?
Breathing more quickly then the physiological situation requires Caused by fear or caffeine
47
What is tachypnea?
Fast breathing Physiologically appropriate Ex: working out
48
What is hypoventilation?
Respiratory rate is slower than it should be than the physiological situation requires Caused by alcohol and morphine
49
What are baroreceptors?
Measure blood pressure Bp low- rate of respiration high (breathe more quickly) Bp high- rate of respiration low (slows down)
50
What is Hering- Breuer Reflexes?
Stretch receptors are responsible 2 of them 1) inflation reflux 2) deflation reflux
51
What is inflation reflex?
If you draw in too much air Inflate lungs where damage can occur Stretch receptors triggered Immediately stop inhaling and force you to exhale
52
What is deflation reflex?
Blowing everything out of lungs Deflate till damage can occur Stretch receptors stop you and make you inhale
53
What is voluntary control and the 2 ways?
Under cerebrum 1) bypass little computers and send instructions consciously down spinal cord and take conscious control of breathing - done with singing and talking 2) send instructions to the computers and tell them what to do - when you hold your breath

A & P 2 LECTURE (23 decks)

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