5/6- Reproductive System Continued (Exam 4) Flashcards by Rebecca Charidemou

What are the 2 Gonadotropic hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland?

1) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

2) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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What are the 3 functions of FSH and LH?

1) stimulate gamete production-
Spermatoggeneis
Oogenesis

2) stimulate the gonads to secrete sex hormones
3) maintain structure of Gonads

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What is the functions of LH and FSH in men?

LH-
Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

FSH-
Stimulates the seminiferous tubules to initiate spermatogenesis

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What is the function of LH and FSH in women?

Relate to menstrual cycle

FSH- cause ovarian follicles (contains egg) to grow

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What do the granulosa cells in follicle under FSH produce?

Estrogen

Becomes corona radiata

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What is the primary oocyte?

Ovulation egg in follicle

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What is the antrum in the follicle?

Fluid

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What is the cumulus oophorus in the follicle?

Holds egg

The stem

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What is the Graafian follicle?

Fully matured follicle

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What is the most common estrogen and what does it do?

Estradiol

Responsible for the female secondary sexual characteristics

Stimulates endometrium to grow and thicken and prepare for pregnancy

Stimulates anterior pituitary gland causing it to increase the production of LH

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What is the lining of the uterus called?

Endometrium

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What triggers ovulation?

The anterior pituitary gland increasing production of LH

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What is the secondary oocyte?

Follicle ruptures and oocyte is ejected

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What is the corpus Luteum?

Yellow body

Secretes progesterone and estrogen

If fertilization doesn’t occur it will decrease production of progesterone and estrogen

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What does progesterone do?

Causes endometrium to become thick, vascular, and spongy in appearance to prepare for pregnancy

Inhibits anterior pituitary to stop FSH and LH

Prevents further ovulation

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What is menstruation or menses?

Endometrium autrophies (cells come off)

Endometrium has blood vessels which break up after endometrium falls causing bleeding

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What is chorionic Gonadotropin or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (HCG)?

If fertilization doesn’t occur this hormone is secreted by the embryo that arises in early stage

Maintains the presence of corpus Luteum longer time continue to release progesterone and estrogen

Prevents mensuration and needed to maintain pregnancy

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What is the placenta?

Interface between the mothers blood and the blood of the child developing in the womb

End of umbilical cord

Secretes steroid hormones and hCG to maintain pregnancy and endometrium

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What do the steroid hormones do?

Similar to progesterone and estrogen

will maintain endometrium

Corpus Luteum breaks down

Where gas exchange takes place

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What is the zygote?

Single cell

Earliest embryonic stage

Present in ampulla of Fallopian tubes

Goes down Fallopian tube and starts multiplying

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What is a morula?

Solid ball of cells

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What is a blastula or blastocyst (in humans)?

Hollow ball of cells

Implants in the uterus

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What is the inner cell mass?

Compact cluster of cells at one end

Becomes the future person

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What is the trophoblast?

Rest of hollow ball of blastocyst

Becomes part of the placenta

Associates with uterine lining

Multiply when uterine lining and Blastocyst contact

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What is a blastocoel?

Hollow interior of blastocyst

What’s is the syncytial trophoblast?

Cells break down Chemicals present that are going to digest or burn its way through the lining of the endometrium

What is implant?

Inner cell mass is going to separate from the wall of the blastocyst

What is the primitive streak?

Structure you see when gastrulation is taking place

What are the 3 germ layers?

1) ectoderm 2) mesoderm 3) endoderm

What is the ectoderm?

Gives rise to outer layer of the skin (epithelium) and nervous system (brain, spine, nerves)

What is endoderm?

Gives rise to lining of the intestinal tract Some of urinary system

What is mesoderm?

Everything else from the human body Bones, musculature, urinary system etc

What is the amnion?

Membrane surrounding the outside of our embryo and encases a fluid area

What is the amniotic fluid?

Fluid filled area of the amnion

What is the decidua basilis?

Deep part of membrane wall under embryo

What is the chorion?

Membrane covering everything else

What is the allantois?

Give rise to parts of urinary bladder

What is the yolk sac?

Have material to keep embryo alive on its own

What is the decidua capsularis?

Wall of uterus covering the embryo itself

What is the decidua parietalis?

Most of endometrium

What is the chronic villi?

Finger like processes in chorion Blood vessels extend out into them Breaks down on the side if the desidua capsularis- ones left become placenta

What is the umbilical cord?

Extension to reach placenta

What are the umbilical arteries?

Fetal blood goes out to the placenta Pair of them Deoxygenated blood

What is the umbilical vein?

Used for fetal blood to return to embryo Single one Oxygenated blood

What is organogenesis?

Formation of organs

What is the fetus?

End of first trimester Starts to look more like a person

What are 3 distinct factors of labor?

1) rise in estrogen production by placenta to stimulate smooth muscle in the uterus wall to begin contractions 2) stimulates posterior pituitary glands to produce oxytocin to increase force and frequency of contractions 3) stimulates endometrium to produce prostaglandin to further contract smooth muscles

What are the 3 stages of labor?

1) dilation 2) expulsion 3) placental stage

What is the dilation stage?

Os widens Fetus moves toward cervical canal amniochorionic membrane ruptures

What is the amniochorionic membrane?

Amnion and chorion layers fuse and form single layer “Water breaks”

What is the expulsion stage?

Cervix is fully dilated contractions are at their max capacity and 2-3 mins apart Continues until fetus is pushed out of womb

What is delivery/ birth?

Child pushed out of womb

What is the placental stage?

Must get rid of placenta Muscle tension builds Organ decreases in size Contractions rip connection between placenta and endometrium

What is after birth?

Ejection of placenta

What are mammary glands?

Where mammals get their name Highly modified sweat glands Consist of lobes that divided into lobules that contain alveoli

What secretes the milk?

Alveoli

What is a nipple used for?

To give the baby something to hold while nursing

What 2 hormones does nursing stimulate?

Prolactin - stimulates milk production - anterior pituitary gland Oxytocin - contraction of smooth muscle in breast to eject milk - produced in hypothalamus - stored for release in posterior pituitary gland

What is the milk ejection reflux or milk let down?

Oxytocin contracts smooth muscle in breast do milk can eject

What does breast feeding inhibit and why?

Secretion of gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) Reducing the chances of getting pregnant during this time

What is the extraembryonic membranes?

Membrane outside of embryo Made from germ layers