4/26 Lecture E2

Question 1

In what ways is the urinary system closely associated with the reproductive system?

Answer 1

1) shared embryonic development and adult anatomical relationship
2) collectively called the urogenital (UG) system

Question 2

What are the functions of the kidneys? (8)

Answer 2

1) Filter blood and excrete toxic metabolic wastes
2) Regulate blood volume, pressure, and osmolarity
3) Regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance
4) secrete erythropoietin
5) help regulate calcium levels by participating in calcitriol synthesis
6) clear hormones from blood
7) detoxify free radicals
8) in starvation, synthesize glucose from amino acids

Question 3

What is waste?

Answer 3

Any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body’s needs

Question 4

What is metabolic waste?

Answer 4

waste substance produced by the body

Question 5

What are the steps in urea formation?

Answer 5

Proteins –> amino acids –> NH2 removed –> forms ammonia

Question 6

What organ converts ammonia to urea?

Answer 6

the liver

Question 7

What is uric acid a product of?

Answer 7

nucleic acid catabolism

Question 8

What is creatinine a product of?

Answer 8

creatine phosphate catabolism

Question 9

What is Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?

Answer 9

The level of nitrogenous waste in the blood

Question 10

What is the normal concentration of blood urea?

Answer 10

10-20 mg/dL

Question 11

What does Azotemia mean?

Answer 11

elevated BUN

Question 12

What does azotemia indicate?

Answer 12

renal insufficiency

Question 13

What are the symptoms of uremia?

Answer 13

diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, weakness, and metabolic acidosis.

Question 14

What does uremia stem from?

Answer 14

toxicity of nitrogenous waste

Question 15

What is the treatment for uremia?

Answer 15

hemodialysis or organ transplant

Question 16

What is excretion?

Answer 16

separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them

Question 17

What are the four body systems that carry out excretion?

Answer 17

1) respiratory system
2) integumentary system
3) digestive system
4) urinary system

Question 18

What does the respiratory system excrete?

Answer 18

CO2, small amounts of other gases, water

Question 19

What does the integumentary system excrete?

Answer 19

water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, and urea (in sweat)

Question 20

What does the digestive system excrete?

Answer 20

water, salts, CO2, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, and other metabolic waste

Question 21

What does the urinary system excrete?

Answer 21

many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, H+, and water

Question 22

Where is the kidney located?

Answer 22

posterior abdominal wall at level of T12 to L3

Question 23

Why is the right kidney slightly lower?

Answer 23

Due to the large right lobe of liver

Question 24

What rib crosses the middle of the left kidney?

Answer 24

Rib 12

Question 25

T of F: the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, renal artery and vein, and adrenal glands are all retroperitoneal

Answer 25

T

Question 26

What is Murphy's punch/sign

Answer 26

thoracic spine examination testing for kidney inflammation, infection and obstruction

Question 27

What is the shape and size of a kidney comparable to?

Answer 27

the size of your fist, lateral convex surface and medial concave surface with a slit (hilum)

Question 28

What does the hilum receive?

Answer 28

renal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and ureter

Question 29

What are the three protective tissue coverings around the kidney?

Answer 29

1) Renal fascia 2) Perirenal fat capsule 3) Fibrous capsule

Question 30

What is the role of the renal fascia?

Answer 30

binds the kidney to the abdominal wall

Question 31

What is the role of the perirenal fat capsule?

Answer 31

cushions the kidney and holds it into place

Question 32

What is the role of the fibrous capsule?

Answer 32

encloses the kidney and holds it into place

Question 33

How does the fibrous capsule connect to the renal fascia?

Answer 33

through collagen fibers

Question 34

What is the renal parenchyma?

Answer 34

glandular tissue that forms urine

Question 35

Shape and location of the renal parenchyma.

Answer 35

C-shaped in frontal section

Question 36

What is the renal sinus?

Answer 36

cavity that contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and urine-collecting structures

Question 37

What fills the gaps in the renal sinus and holds structures in place?

Answer 37

adipose tissue

Question 38

What are the two zones of the renal parenchyma?

Answer 38

1) outer renal cortex | 2) inner renal medulla

Question 39

What are the two features of the renal medulla?

Answer 39

1) renal columns | 2) renal pyramids

Question 40

What are renal columns?

Answer 40

extensions of the cortex that project inward towards the sinus.

Question 41

Within the kidney, what does the renal artery divide into?

Answer 41

segmental arteries

Question 42

What are the segmental arteries of the kidney? (3)

Answer 42

interlobar, arcuate, and cortical radiate

Question 43

Where are the interlobar arteries located?

Answer 43

through the renal columns, between pyramids

Question 44

Where are the arcuate arteries located?

Answer 44

Arcing over the pyramids

Question 45

Where are the cortical radiate arteries located?

Answer 45

in the cortex, above the arcuate arteries

Question 46

How many nephrons does each afferent arteriole supply?

Answer 46

one

Question 47

how does blood drain from the glomerulus?

Answer 47

by efferent arterioles

Question 48

Where do most efferent arterioles lead to?

Answer 48

peritubular capillaries

Question 49

What is the vasa recta?

Answer 49

a network of blood vessels within the renal medulla, supplying the nephron loop portion of the nephron

Question 50

What is the renal blood pathway?

Answer 50

abdominal aorta --> Renal artery --> segmental arteries --> interlobar arteies --> arcuate artery --> cortical radiate arteries --> Afferent arteriole --> glomerulus --> efferent arteriole --> peritubular capillaries (or vasa recta!) --> cortical radiate veins --> arcuate veins --> interlobar veins --> renal veins --> inferior vena cava

Question 51

Approximately how many nephrons does each kidney have?

Answer 51

about 1.2 million

Question 52

What are the two principal parts that compose the nephron?

Answer 52

1. renal corpuscle | 2. renal tubule

Question 53

What does the renal corpuscle do?

Answer 53

filters the blood plasma

Question 54

what does the renal tubule do?

Answer 54

converts the filtrate into urine

Question 55

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

Answer 55

1. glomerulus | 2. A 2-layer glomerular capsule that encloses the glomerulus

Question 56

What kind of tissue makes up the parietal outer layer of the glomerular capsule?

Answer 56

simple squamous epithelium

Question 57

What kind of cells make up the visceral inner layer of the glomerular capsule?

Answer 57

podocytes

Question 58

What separates the two layers of the glomerular capsule?

Answer 58

capsular space

Question 59

What is the vascular pole?

Answer 59

the side of the corpuscle where the afferent arterial enters the corpuscle and the efferent arteriole leaves

Question 60

What is the urinary pole?

Answer 60

opposite of the vascular pole, where the renal tubule begins.

Question 61

What is another name for the renal tubule?

Answer 61

uriniferous tubule

Question 62

what is a renal tubule?

Answer 62

duct leading from the glomerular capsule and ending at the tip (papillary end) of the medullary pyramid

Question 63

What are the four regions of the renal tubule?

Answer 63

1. proximal convoluted tubule 2. nephron loop (loop of henle) 3. distal convoluted tubule 4. collecting duct (receives fluid from many nephrons)

Question 64

true or false: the collecting ducts are shared by multiple nephrons

Answer 64

TRUE

Question 65

From where does the proximal convoluted tubule arise from?

Answer 65

the glomerular capsule

Question 66

What is the longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule

Answer 66

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 67

What is the tissue type of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 67

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 68

What type of tissues make up the thick segments of the loop of henle?

Answer 68

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 69

What type of tissues make up the thin segments of the loop of henle?

Answer 69

simple squamous epithelium

Question 70

Where are the thick segments of the nephron loop located?

Answer 70

the initial part of the descending limb and part or all of the ascending limb

Question 71

what are the thick segments mainly involved in?

Answer 71

active transport of salts and contain many mitochondria

Question 72

What is a feature of the thin segments?

Answer 72

the cells are very permeable to water.

Question 73

Where is the distal convoluted tubule located?

Answer 73

begins shortly after the ascending limb reenters the cortex (the end of the nephron)

Question 74

which has microvilli: the Proximal Convoluted tubule, or the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 74

the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 75

what kind of tissue is the distal convoluted tubule made of?

Answer 75

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 76

How many papillary ducts end at the tip of each papilla?

Answer 76

30

Question 77

what are collecting and papillary ducts lined with?

Answer 77

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 78

What is the flow of fluid from the point where the glomerular filtrate is formed to the point where urine leaves the body?

Answer 78

glomerular capsule --> proximal convoluted tubule --> nephron loop --> distal convoluted tubule --> collecting duct --> papillary duct --> minor calyx --> major calyx --> renal pelvis --> ureter --> urinary bladder --> urethra

Question 79

What is the renal plexus?

Answer 79

nerves and ganglia wrapped around each renal artery

Question 80

To which parts does the renal plexus provide nerve fibers to?

Answer 80

blood vessels and convoluted tubules of the nephron

Question 81

what kind of innervation does the renal plexus provide to the abdominal aortic plexus?

Answer 81

sympathetic innervation

Question 82

What does the sympathetic innervation to the abdominal aortic plexus do?

Answer 82

stimulation reduces glomerular blood flow and rate of urine production.

Question 83

what does falling blood pressure stimulate the kidneys to do?

Answer 83

secrete renin

Question 84

what is renin?

Answer 84

an enzyme that activates hormonal mechanisms to restore blood pressure

Question 85

what is the function of the parasympathetic innervation of the kidneys?

Answer 85

that is unknown.

Question 86

What are the four basic stages of urine formation?

Answer 86

1) glomerular filtration 2) tubular reabsorption 3) tubular secretion 4) water conservation

Question 87

describe glomerular filtration

Answer 87

the creation of a plasma like filtrate of the blood

Question 88

describe tubular reabsorption

Answer 88

the removal of useful solutes from the filtrate, returning them to the blood

Question 89

describe tubular secretion

Answer 89

the removal of additional wastes from the blood, adding them to the filtrate

Question 90

describe water conservation

Answer 90

the removal of water from the urine and its return to the blood. This concentrates wastes