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A&P 303 > 4/3 Lecture E1 > Flashcards

4/3 Lecture E1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many more bacterial cells are there in the body than human cells?

A

10x

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2
Q

True or False: The immune system is an organ

A

false: it is a population of cells that inhabit all organs and defends the body from agents of disease

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3
Q

What does the lymphatic system do? (4 basic steps)

A

1) Recover fluid
2) Inspect fluid for disease agents
3) Activate immune responses
4) Returns fluid to the bloodstream

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4
Q

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

A

1) Fluid recovery
2) Immunity
3) Lipid absorption

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5
Q

Where does fluid filter from?

A

blood capillaries and tissue spaces

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6
Q

how much fluid (%) do blood capillaries reabsorb?

A

85%

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7
Q

How much of our body’s water and plasma enter the lymphatic system, to be returned to the blood after filtering? (per day)

A

15% (2-4 L/day) and about half of the plasma

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8
Q

What is the lymphatic system filtering for?

A

foreign cells and chemicals from the tissues

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9
Q

Where are the filtered foreign cells and chemicals taken?

A

lymph nodes

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10
Q

where does lipid absorption occur and what is the agent the absorbs it?

A

the small intestine by Lacteals

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11
Q

What is the role of lymphatic vessels?

A

to transport lymph

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12
Q

What are lymphatic tissues composed of?

A

aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages

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13
Q

What separates lymphatic organs from surrounding organs?

A

connective tissue capsules

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14
Q

What is lymph originally?

A

extracellular fluid drawn into lymphatic capillaries

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15
Q

Which has more proteins: Plasma or Lymph?

A

Lymph

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16
Q

Lymphatic capillaries penetrate nearly every tissue in the body except: (4)

A

cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow

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17
Q

What is the capillary wall structure like?

A

endothelial cells overlapping each other like roof shingles, closed at one end

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18
Q

How are capillaries tethered to the surrounding tissue?

A

by protein filaments

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19
Q

When are the endothelial valve-like flaps open and when are they closed?

A

open during high pressure, closed during low pressure

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20
Q

what are the three layers of larger lymphatic vessels?

A

1) Tunica interna: endothelium and valves
2) Tunica media: elastic fibers, smooth muscle
3) Tunica externa: thin outer layer

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21
Q

How many lymphatic trunks are there and where are they?

A

6:

1) jugular
2) subclavian
3) bronchomediastinal
4) intercostal
5) intestinal (unpaired)
6) lumbar trunks

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22
Q

How many collecting ducts are there and what are they?

A

2:

1) right lymphatic duct
2) thoracic duct

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23
Q

What areas of the body does the right lymphatic duct receive lymph from?

A

the right arm and the right side of head and thorax.

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24
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?

A

into the right subclavian vein

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25
Q

What areas of the body does the thoracic lymphatic duct receive lymph from?

A

receives lymph from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck, and thorax.

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26
Q

Where does the thoracic lymphatic duct empty?

A

empties into the left subclavian vein

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27
Q

describe the thoracic duct as compared to the right lymphatic duct.

A

larger and longer, begins as a prominent sac in abdomen called the cisterna chyli.

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28
Q

What is the cisterna chyli?

A

a sac that forms the beginning of the thoracic duct

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29
Q

Approximately how long is the thoracic lymphatic duct?

A

45 cm

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30
Q

Approximately how long is the right lymphatic duct?

A

1.25 cm

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31
Q

Where is the cisterna chyli located?

A

anterior to the 2nd lumbar vertebrae

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32
Q

Which flows with more pressure and speed: venous blood or lymph?

A

venous blood

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33
Q

What stimulates contractions of lymphatic vessels and also aids in flow? (6)

A

stretching of vessels by lymph fluid, aided by skeletal muscle contractions, arterial pulsation, thoracic “pump”, exercise, rapidly flowing blood in subclavian veins.

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34
Q

What are the 6 types of lymphatic cells?

A

1) Natural Killer cells (NK Cells)
2) T Lymphocytes (T cells)
3) B Lymphocytes (B cells)
4) Macrophages
5) Dendritic cells
6) Reticular cells

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35
Q

Describe NK cells

A

Large lymphocytes. Attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or that have turned cancerous

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36
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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37
Q

What does the activation of B cells cause?

A

proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies.

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38
Q

What do macrophages develop from?

A

monocytes

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39
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Phagocytize tissue debris and process foreign matter and alert the immune system

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40
Q

What do macrophages phagocytize?

A

dead neutrophils, bacteria and other foreign matter

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41
Q

What category of cell are macrophages considered?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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42
Q

Which lymphocytes are considered APCs?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, and reticular cells.

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43
Q

How do dendritic cells alert the immune system to pathogens that have breached the body surface?

A

engulf antigens then migrate to lymph nodes

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44
Q

Where are dendritic lymphocytes found? (3)

A

epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs

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45
Q

which are mobile: dendritic cells or reticular cells?

A

dendritic. reticular cells are stationary.

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46
Q

To what do the reticular cells contribute to?

A

to the stroma of a lymphatic organ.

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47
Q

Define Lymphatic (lymphoid) tissue

A

aggregations of lymphocytes in the connective tissue of mucous membranes and various organs.

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48
Q

What is the simplest form of lymphatic tissue?

A

diffuse

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49
Q

Where is lymphatic tissue most prevalent?

A

body passages open to the exterior: respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts; Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

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50
Q

What is GALT

A

gut-associated lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s patches found in the lining of the distal small intestine)

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51
Q

What is BALT

A

bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

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52
Q

What is NALT

A

nasal-associated lymphoid tissue

53
Q

What is CALT

A

conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissue

54
Q

What is LALT

A

Larynx-associated lymphoid tissue

55
Q

What is SALT

A

skin-associated lymphoid tissue

56
Q

What is VALT

A

vulvo-associated lymphoid tissue

57
Q

What are lymphatic nodules (follicles)

A

dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens

58
Q

Where are lymphatic nodules abundant

A

lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendix

59
Q

what separates lymphatic organs from neighboring tissues?

A

A connective tissue capsule

60
Q

What are primary lymphatic organs?

A

red bone marrow and the thymus

61
Q

where are T and B cells able to recognize and respond to antigens?

A

Primary lymphatic organs

62
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen

63
Q

Where do immunocompetent cells populate?

A

secondary lymphatic tissues

64
Q

What two activities is red bone marrow involved in?

A

hematopoiesis and immunity

65
Q

where is red bone marrow mostly found?

A

flat bones (pelvic and sternum) and somewhat in the heads of fermur/humerus

66
Q

where do blood cells go after they mature?

A

push their way through the reticular and endothelial cells to enter the sinus and flow away into the bloodstream.

67
Q

What systems does the Thymus belong to?

A

endocrine, lymphatic, and immune

68
Q

What is the role of the Thymus?

A

houses developing lymphocytes, secretes hormones regulating lymphocyte activity

69
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

in superior mediastinum between sternum and aortic arch

70
Q

What divides the Thymus into lobes?

A

trabeculae

71
Q

What type of cell is found in the Medulla of the Thymus?

A

Mature T cells

72
Q

Why is the blood-thymus barrier important?

A

Keeps immature cells separated from circulation

73
Q

What 5 signaling molecules does the Thymus produce

A

thymosin, thymopoietin, thymulin, interleukins, interferons

74
Q

What type of cell is found in the cortex of the thymus?

A

Immature T cells

75
Q

What is the most numerous of lymphatic organs?

A

lymph nodes

76
Q

What two functions do lymph nodes perform?

A

1) cleans up the lymph

2) acts as a site of T and B cell activation

77
Q

are the vessels of the hilum of the lymph nodes afferent or efferent?

A

efferent

78
Q

Where are the afferent vessels of lymph nodes located?

A

along its convex surface.

79
Q

Where in lymph nodes do B cell multiply and differentiate into plasma cells?

A

germinal centers within the cortex

80
Q

What do cervical lymph nodes monitor?

A

lymph coming from the head and neck

81
Q

where do axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from?

A

upper limbs and breasts

82
Q

where do thoracic lymph nodes receive lymph from?

A

mediastinum, lungs, and airway

83
Q

what do abdominal lymph nodes monitor?

A

lymph from the urinary and reproductive systems

84
Q

Which lymph nodes monitor lymph from the digestive tract?

A

intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes

85
Q

Where do the inguinal lymph nodes receive lymph from?

A

the entire lower limb

86
Q

Where do the popliteal lymph nodes receive lymph from?

A

the leg

87
Q

where are T cells within lymph nodes?

A

paracortex (inner)

88
Q

where are B cells within lymph nodes?

A

cortex (outer)

89
Q

what is found in the medulla of lymph nodes?

A

plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages etc

90
Q

What two things can happen when a lymph node is under challenge by an antigen?

A

1) lymphadenitis

2) lymphadenopathy

91
Q

What is the normal size of lymph nodes?

A

1 cm or less

92
Q

what is the normal size of inguinal lymph nodes?

A

2 cm

93
Q

what are pharyngeal tonsils also known as

A

adenoids

94
Q

What are the most often infected tonsils?

A

Palatine tonsils

95
Q

What is the body’s largest lymphatic organ

A

Spleen

96
Q

What two types of tissue does the parentchyma of the spleen exhibit?

A

1) Red pulp: RBCs!

2) White pulp: lymphocytes and macrophages around small branches of splenic artery

97
Q

What are the functions of the Spleen?

A

1) healthy RBCs come and go
2) “erythrocyte graveyard”
3) blood cell production in fetus (and anemic adults)
4) white pulp monitors blood for foreign antigens and release monocytes when needed
5) stabilizes blood volume through plasma transfers from blood to lymphatic system

98
Q

What is a common issue with a splenectomy?

A

leaves someone susceptible to infections, especially encapsulated bacteria like streptococcous

99
Q

Define pathogens

A

agents capable of producing disease

100
Q

what categories do pathogens include?

A

viruses, bacteria, and fungi

101
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

skin and mucous membranes

102
Q

what is involved in the second line of defense? (6)

A

leukocytes and macrophages, antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells, inflammation, and fever

103
Q

What is involved in the third line of defense?

A

adaptive immunity: defeat of pathogen and memory for faster future defeat

104
Q

what are the three types of innate defenses?

A

1) protective proteins: C’ cascade, interferons etc
2) Protective cells: PMNs, macrops, etc
3) protective processes: fever, inflammation, etc

105
Q

what is characteristic of innate defenses?

A

local, nonspecific, lacks memory

106
Q

What is the acid mantle and what is it a feature of

A

a thin film of lactic and fatty acids from sweat and sebum that inhibits bacterial growth: skin.

107
Q

What are the three peptides in skin that kill microbes?

A

dermicidin, defensins, and cathelicidins

108
Q

Where are mucous membranes located?

A

In areas that are open to the exterior (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts)

109
Q

What do head fluids contain?

A

lysozyme: an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls

110
Q

Where can you find viscous hyaluronic acid?

A

subepithelial areolar tissue

111
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

A

1) Neutrophils
2) lymphocytes
3) monocytes
4) eosinophils
5) basophils

112
Q

Which leukocytes are polymorphonuclear (have granules and lobed nuclei)?

A

1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils

113
Q

What 2 ways can neutrophils kill bacteria?

A

1) phagocytosis and digestion

2) bactericidal chemical cloud (using lysosome degranulation)

114
Q

Where are eosinophils especially found?

A

mucous membranes

115
Q

What do eosinophils guard against?

A

parasites and allergens

116
Q

How do eosinophils kill tapeworms and roundworms?

A

By producing superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and toxic proteins

117
Q

What do eosinophils promote the action of?

A

basophils and mast cells

118
Q

What do basophils do?

A

secrete chemicals that aid in the mobility and action of other leukocytes

119
Q

What chemicals to basophils secrete (also secreted by mast cells!)? (3)

A

1) leukotrienes
2) histamine
3) heparin

120
Q

What do leukotrienes do?

A

activate and attract neutrophils and eosinophils

121
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Its a vasodilator: increases blood flow in order to speed delivery of leukocytes

122
Q

What does heparin do?

A

inhibits clot formation (clots would impede leukocyte mobility!)

123
Q

What are the three categories of lymphocytes (in order of abundance)?

A

T, B, and NK cells

124
Q

Of T, B and NK cells, which are a part of innate immunity and which are adaptive?

A

NK cells are innate and B cells are adaptive. T cells are both

125
Q

What substances are involved in the macrophage system?

A

all of the body’s avidly phagocytic cells, except leukocytes

126
Q

What do monocytes transform into?

A

macrophages

127
Q

What are the two types of macrophages?

A

wandering and fixed

128
Q

Where are wandering macrophages found?

A

widely distributed in loose connective tissue

129
Q

What are the three fixed macrophages?

A

1) Microglia: CNS
2) Alveolar: in lungs
3) Hepatic: in liver

A&P 303 (18 decks)

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