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A&P 303 > 5/24 Lecture E3 > Flashcards

5/24 Lecture E3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is weight determined by?

A

The body’s energy balance; combination of heredity (30-50%) and environmental influences

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2
Q

What is involved in the control of weight?

A

several peptide hormones and regulatory pathways that control sort and long-term appetite

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3
Q

What do short term regulators of appetite do?

A

make one feel hungry or satiated to begin or end eating.

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4
Q

What do short term regulators of appetite include?

A

peptides ghrelin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and amylin

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5
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

A substance secreted from parietal cells in the fundus of an empty stomach that produces the sensation of hunger.

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6
Q

What gland does Ghrelin stimulate?

A

stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete growth hormone releasing hormone

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7
Q

What is Peptide YY? (PYY)

A

a substance secreted by enteroendocrine cells of the ileum and colon that can sense that food has arrived in the stomach, in order to signal satiety and terminate eating.

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8
Q

How much PYY is secreted?

A

the amount is proportional to the number of calories consumed

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9
Q

What is Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

a substance secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum and jejunum that stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes.

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10
Q

What does CCK do?

A

stimulates brain and sensory fibers of vagus nerve, suppressing appetite.

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11
Q

What is Amylin?

A

A substance secreted from beta cells of the pancreas that produces satiety and inhibits stomach activity.

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12
Q

What substances act as a signal to stop eating?

A

Peptide YY, Cholecystokinin and Amylin

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13
Q

What substance produces the sensation of hunger?

A

Ghrelin

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14
Q

What do long-term regulators of appetite do?

A

Govern caloric intake and energy expenditure over periods of weeks to years.

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15
Q

What peptides inform the brain of how much adipose the body has?

A

Leptin and Insulin

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16
Q

What secretes Leptin?

A

adipocytes throughout the body

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17
Q

What does leptin do?

A

informs the brain on how much fat it has.

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18
Q

What secretes insulin?

A

pancreatic beta cells

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19
Q

What does insulin stimulate?

A

glucose and amino acid uptake

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20
Q

What does insulin promote?

A

glycogen and fat synthesis

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21
Q

Which has a greater effect on appetite: insulin or leptin

A

leptin

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22
Q

What has receptors for all short and long term chemical signals?

A

The Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

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23
Q

What are the two substances secreted by the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that affect appectite?

A

Neuropeptide Y and melanocortin

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24
Q

What is neuropeptide Y?

A

a potent appetite stimulant

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25
Q

what is melanocortin?

A

an eating inhibitor

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26
Q

What stimulates neuropeptide Y?

A

Gherlin

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27
Q

What inhibits neuropeptide Y?

A

insulin, PPY, and leptin

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28
Q

What stimulates Melanocortin?

A

Leptin

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29
Q

What does melanocortin inhibit?

A

the secretion of appetite stimulants (endocannabinoids)

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30
Q

What partly stimulates hunger?

A

gastric peristalsis

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31
Q

Does gastric peristalsis affect the amount of food consumed?

A

NO. Its the PYY and CCK that shut off food intake.

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32
Q

What are the lasting effects of satiety due to?

A

nutrients absorbed into the blood.

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33
Q

What do neurotransmitters do?

A

stimulate the desire for different types of food.

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34
Q

What food type does the neurotransmitter norepinephrine stimulate the desire for?

A

carbohydrates

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35
Q

What food type does the neurotransmitter galanin stimulate the desire for?

A

fats

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36
Q

What food type does the neurotransmitter endorphins stimulate the desire for?

A

protein

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37
Q

What is one calorie?

A

the amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree C.

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38
Q

What is one Calorie (in dietetics)

A

1,000 calories, or 1 kcal in physiology

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39
Q

What is a calorie measure?

A

the capacity to do biological work.

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40
Q

How many kcal/g do carbs and proteins yield?

A

about 4 kcal/g

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41
Q

why are sugar and alcohol considered “empty” calories?

A

they provide few nutrients and suppress appetite

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42
Q

how many kcal/g do fats yield?

A

about 9 kcal/g

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43
Q

what is a nutrient?

A

any ingested chemical used for growth repair, or maintenance of the body.

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44
Q

What are the 6 classes of nutrients

A

water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals

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45
Q

What are considered macronutrients?

A

nutrients that must be consume in relatively large quantities: water, carbs, lipids, proteins

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46
Q

What are considered micronutrients?

A

nutrients that are only needed in small quantities: vitamins and minerals

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47
Q

What are DRIs?

A

dietary reference intakes: RDAs (recommended dietary allowances) and AIs (adequate intake)

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48
Q

What are essential nutrients

A

nutrients that cannot be synthesized in the body: minerals, most vitamins, eight amino acids, and 1-3 of the fatty acids

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49
Q

A well-nourished adult body has what amount of carbs?

A

440 g:
325 g of muscle glycogen
90-100 g of liver glycogen
15-20 g of blood glucose

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50
Q

what are the functions of sugars?

A

1) structural components of other molecules including nucleic acids, glycoproteins, glycolipids, ATP, and related nucleotides (GTP, cAMP)
2) most serve as fuel

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51
Q

Why does most sugar serve as fuel for the body?

A

because they are easily oxidized source of chemical energy

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52
Q

What body components depend solely on carbohydrates?

A

Neurons and erythrocytes

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53
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

deficiency of blood glucose

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54
Q

What does hypoglycemia cause?

A

nervous system disturbances such as weakness and dizziness

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55
Q

How is plasma glucose concentration carefully regulated?

A

interplay of insulin and glucagon; balance between glycogen and free glucose

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56
Q

how does carb intake influence metabolism of other nutrients?

A

fats used as fuel when glucose and glycogen levels are low, and excess carbs are converted to fat.

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57
Q

What nutrient is required in greater amounts than any other nutrient?

A

carbohydrates

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58
Q

What is the RDA for carbs?

A

130 g

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59
Q

how many carbs does the brain consumer daily?

A

120 g of glucose per day

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60
Q

What is the average consumption of sugar and corn syrup per year?

A

60 lb of sugar and 46 lb of corn syrup

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61
Q

Dietary carbs come in what three principal forms?

A

glucose, galactose, and fructose

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62
Q

where do dietary carbs mainly come from?

A

mainly from digestion of starch and disaccharides.

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63
Q

What organs convert galactose and fructose to glucose?

A

small intestine and liver

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64
Q

What is a normal blood sugar (glucose) concentration?

A

70-110 mg/dL

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65
Q

What are the disaccharides?

A

sucrose (table sugar), maltose, lactose

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66
Q

What are the polysaccharides (complex carbs)?

A

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

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67
Q

is cellulose a nutrient?

A

no, because it is not digested, but is important as a dietary fiber.

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68
Q

where do nearly all dietary carbs come from?

A

plants

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69
Q

Where does sucrose come from?

A

Sucrose is refined from sugarcane and sugar beets

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70
Q

where does fructose come from?

A

Fructose is present in fruits and corn syrup

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71
Q

Where does maltose come from?

A

Maltose is present in some cereal grains

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72
Q

Where does Lactose come from?

A

Lactose is found in cow’s milk.

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73
Q

What is dietary fiber?

A

All fibrous material of plant and animal origin that resists digestion: cellulose, pectin, gums, and lignins

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74
Q

What is the RDA for fiber?

A

25 g/day for females, 38 g/day for males

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75
Q

Where is water soluble fiber found?

A

In oats, beans, peas, brown rice, and fruits

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76
Q

What role does water-soluble fiber play in the body?

A

decreases blood cholesterol and LDL levels

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77
Q

What are some types of water-insoluble fiber?

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

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78
Q

Do water-insoluble fibers have an effect no cholesterol and LDL levels?

A

no

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79
Q

What does water-insoluble fiber do?

A

absorbs water in intestines
softens stool and increases its bulk
stretches the colon
stimulates peristalsis (quickens passage of feces

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80
Q

What can excessive intake of water-insoluble fiber do?

A

interfere with absorption of some elements such as iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, and others

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81
Q

What is the average body fat percentage for females and males?

A

females: 25%
males: 15%

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82
Q

A well-nourished adult meets 80-90% of resting energy needs from what?

A

fat

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83
Q

which is superior for energy storage and why?

A

fat is superior to carbs because:

1) carbs are hydrophilic, absorbs water, and expands, occupying more space in tissue, whereas fat is hydrophobic and is more compact energy storage
2) fat contains over twice as much energy: 9 kcal/g for fat; 4 kcal/g for carbs

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84
Q

What are the glucose sparing effects of fat?

A

Glucose is spared for consumption by cells that cannot use fat, like neurons

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85
Q

What are the protein sparing effects of fat?

A

Protein is spared as fuel as long as there is enough fat.

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86
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins that are absorbed with dietary fat?

A

A, D, E, K

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87
Q

How much fat is needed per day in order to absorb the necessary amount of fat soluble vitamins?

A

20 g/day

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88
Q

What other diverse functions does fat have besides an energy source?

A

1) structural: phospholipids and cholesterol (components of plasma membranes and myelin
2) chemical precursors:
3) important protective and insulating functions

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89
Q

What are the chemical precursors that fat assists with?

A

cholesterol (precursor of steroids, bile salts, vitamin D
thromboplastin (an essential blood-clotting factor; a lipoprotein)
fatty acids (arachidonic acid and linoleic acid: precursors for prostaglandins and other eicosanoids

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90
Q

What are the daily fat requirements?

A

less than 35% of daily calorie intake:

1) less than 10% of fat as saturated
2) limit saturated fat and cholesterol

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91
Q

how much fat does the typical American get?

A

40-50%

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92
Q

Where are most fatty acids found?

A

they are synthesized by the body

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93
Q

Where are saturated fats from?

A 
Animal origins (meat, egg yolks, dairy products)
some in coconut and palm oils
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94
Q

Where are unsaturated fats from?

A

nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils

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95
Q

Where is cholesterol from?

A

egg yolks, cream, shellfish, meats

only in tiny, trace amounts of food of plant origin

96
Q

How much protein makes up the total body mass?

A

12-15%

97
Q

Where is most of the body’s protein found?

A

in skeletal muscle (65%)

98
Q

What are the functions of proteins? (5)

A

1) Muscle contraction
2) motility of cilia and flagella
3) structural components
4) Buffer pH of body fluids
5) resting membrane potential of all cells

99
Q

What structural components do proteins contribute to?

A

1) all cellular membranes
2) fibrous proteins
3) globular proteins
4) plasma proteins

100
Q

What is the protein RDA?

A

46-56 g/day

101
Q

How is protein RDA calculated?

A

weight in pounds x 0.37

102
Q

When is higher protein necessary?

A

stress, infection, injury, and pregnancy

103
Q

What can excessive protein intake do?

A

overload the kidneys with nitrogenous waste and cause kidney damage

104
Q

What are the 8 out of 20 essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body?

A

isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine

105
Q

In addition to the 8 out of 20, what other two essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by an infant’s body?

A

histidine and arginine

106
Q

Can cells store surplus amino acids for later use?

A

no

107
Q

What happens if a particular amino acid is missing when a protein is being synthesized?

A

The protein cannot be synthesized

108
Q

What are complete proteins?

A

high-quality dietary proteins that provide all essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance and nitrogen balance

109
Q

What are incomplete proteins?

A

lower quality proteins that lack on or more essential amino acids

110
Q

What is net protein utilization?

A

the percentage of amino acids in a protein that the human body uses

111
Q

What percentage of animal and plant proteins do we use?

A

80% of animal

50% of plant

112
Q

What are the advantages of decreasing meat intake and increasing plant intake?

A

more vitamins, mineral and fiber,
less saturated fat
no cholesterol
less pesticide

113
Q

What are complete animal proteins?

A

meat, eggs, and dairy products

114
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A

Rate of nitrogen ingested equals the rate of nitrogen excreted

115
Q

What is the chief dietary source of nitrogen?

A

proteins

116
Q

what causes a positive nitrogen balance?

A

nitrogen ingestion exceeds its excretion (more into the body than out in the urine?)

117
Q

When does a positive nitrogen balance most often occur?

A

in children because they retain protein for tissue growth, and pregnant women and athletes in resistance training

118
Q

What two things promote protein synthesis and positive nitrogen balance

A

growth hormone and sex steroids

119
Q

What is a negative nitrogen balance?

A

When nitrogen excretion exceeds ingestion (more in urine than going into the body)

120
Q

What causes a negative nitrogen balance?

A

1) Body proteins being broken down for fuel; muscle atrophy

2) Glucocorticoids (like cortisol) promote protein catabolism in states of stress

121
Q

Why does muscle atrophy sometimes occur?

A

1) Muscles and liver proteins are more easily broken down than others
2) carb and fat intake is insufficient to meet body’s energy needs

122
Q

What are minerals?

A

inorganic elements that plants extract from soil or water and introduce into the food web

123
Q

What are vitamins?

A

small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism

124
Q

Why are vitamins and minerals important?

A

They are essential to our ability to use other nutrients

125
Q

Can minerals and vitamins be used as fuel?

A

no

126
Q

What percent of minerals is our body mass?

A

about 4%

127
Q

What part of the body contains the most minerals?

A

calcium and phosphorous in bones and teeth (3/4)

128
Q

What 4 minerals acts as cofactors for enzymes?

A

calcium, iron, magnesium, and manganese

129
Q

What is important about phosphorous?

A

1) key structural component of phospholipids, ATP, cAMP, GTP, and creatine phosphate
2) basis for the phosphate buffer system

130
Q

What is iron essential for?

A

the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin and myoglobin

131
Q

Where is chlorine found in the body?

A

It is a component of stomach acid

132
Q

What is the function of mineral salts?

A

electrolytes and govern functions of nerve and muscle cells, osmotically regulate the content and distribution of water in the body, and maintain blood volume

133
Q

What are the best sources of minerals?

A

vegetables, legumes, milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, and some other meats

134
Q

What is the recommended daily sodium intake?

A

1.5 g/day

135
Q

How much sodium does the typical American diet contain?

A

3.4 g/day

136
Q

what can cause or contribute to hypertension?

A

elevated salt intake

137
Q

Where must most vitamins be obtained from?

A

the diet

138
Q

What are provitamins?

A

precursors that allow the body to synthesize some vitaims

139
Q

What vitamins can the body synthesize using precursors?

A 
Niacin
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin K 
Some B vitamins
140
Q

How is niacin synthesized?

A

from amino acid tryptophan

141
Q

How is vitamin A synthesized?

A

from carotene

142
Q

How is vitamin D synthesized?

A

from cholesterol

143
Q

How is vitamin K synthesized?

A

by bacteria of the large intestine

144
Q

What are water-soluble vitamins?

A

vitamins that are absorbed with water in the small intestine and quickly excreted by the kidneys (not stored)

145
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin B

146
Q

Why is vitamin C important to the body?

A

1) promotes hemoglobin synthesis, collagen synthesis, and sound connective tissue structure
2) an antioxidant that scavenges free radicals and possibly reduces the risk of cancer

147
Q

Why are B vitamins important?

A

1) Function as coenzymes or parts of coenzyme molecules
2) Assist enzymes by transferring electrons from one metabolic reaction of cancer
3) Make it possible for enzymes to catalyze these reactions

148
Q

What are the fat soluble enzymes?

A

Vitamin A, D, E and K

149
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

They are incorporated into lipid micelles in the small intestine and absorbed with dietary lipids

150
Q

Why is Vitamin A important?

A

1) component of visual pigments

2) promotes proteoglycan synthesis and epithelial maintenance

151
Q

Why is Vitamin D important?

A

Promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization

152
Q

Why is Vitamin K important?

A

Essential for prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting

153
Q

Why are Vitamins A and E important?

A

They are antioxidants like ascorbic acid

154
Q

What is the effect of vitamin A excess?

A

anorexia, nausea and vomiting, headache, pain and fragility in the bones, hair loss, an enlarged liver and spleen, and birth defects

155
Q

What are the effects of vitamin A deficiency?

A

night blindness; dry skin, hair, and conjunctiva; cloudy cornea; increased incidence of infections

156
Q

What is the world’s most common vitamin deficiency?

A

vitamin A

157
Q

What three processes are considered cellular respiration?

A

Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, Oxidative Phosphorylation

158
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

in cytoplasm

159
Q

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

in mitochondrial matrix

160
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

161
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

162
Q

Where is most cellular energy stored?

A

in the chemical bonds of storage molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

163
Q

When is chemical energy captured by cells?

A

during glucose breakdown when oxygen is available

164
Q

What are two general “rules” about ATP?

A

1) ATP is NOT transported from one cell to another

2) ATP is NOT stored by cells to any substantial extent

165
Q

What does a cell’s work rate depend on?

A

the rate at which that cell is able to produce ATP

166
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Consumers of organic materials to acquire energy (eating meats and veggies)

167
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Producers of their own energy (photosynthesis by plants and algae etc)

168
Q

What is the ultimate source of cellular energy?

A

photosynthesis

169
Q

what do autotrophs store their energy in the form of?

A

glucose

170
Q

what processes do heterotrophs and autotrophs use to break down glucose?

A

glycolysis and cellular respiration

171
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy –> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

172
Q

What is the equation for complete glucose breakdown?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 _ 6 H2O + ATP energy + heat energy

173
Q

How do plants use glucose as a source of energy?

A

convert glucose to sucrose or starch for storage

174
Q

How is energy stored in humans?

A

as long chains of glucose, called glycogen, or as fat.

175
Q

What are the two general phases of the breakdown of glucose?

A

1) glycolysis

2) cellular respiration (kreb’s cycle, ETC, Ox Phos)

176
Q

What is the process of glycolysis?

A

the splitting of glucose (a 6 carbon sugar) into two molecules of pyruvate (3-carbon sugars)

177
Q

Does glycolysis make ATP or use ATP?

A

both: glycolysis has energy investment and energy harvesting stages

178
Q

How does glycolysis begin breaking down glucose?

A

an initial investment of 2 ATP molecules

179
Q

How does the addition of phosphates effect the fructose biphosphate?

A

makes it highly reactive

180
Q

What is the net gain of ATPs per glucose molecule?

A

2 ATP

181
Q

What is the “empty” electron carrier?

A

NAD+

182
Q

What is added to the NAD+?

A

2 high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion

183
Q

What is made when 2 high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion are combined with NAD+?

A

NADH

184
Q

How many NADH carriers are produced per glucose molecule?

A

2

185
Q

During glycolysis, what is fructose biphosphate broken down into?

A

2 G3P molecules

186
Q

What are the two G3P molecules are converted into?

A

2 pyruvate molecules

187
Q

What results from the 2 pyruvate molecules?

A

4 ATP and 2 NADH

188
Q

What is the net result?

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH

189
Q

How does cellular respiration extract energy from glucose?

A

It breaks down the 2 pyruvate molecules into 6 carbon dioxide molecules and 6 water molecules

190
Q

How many ATP molecules are formed during cellular respiration?

A

36 (2 from glycolysis and 34 from cellular respiration)

191
Q

what organelles are specialized for the aerobic breakdown of pyruvate?

A

mitochondria

192
Q

what is contained in the inner mitochondrian membrane?

A

a central compartment containing the fluid matrix

193
Q

what does the outer mitochondrian membrane form?

A

the outer surface of the organelle

194
Q

What lies between the outer and inner mitochondrian membranes?

A

an intermembrane space

195
Q

What two stages does cellular respiration occur in?

A

1) the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, as it moves through the Krebs cycle
2) Electrons move through the ETC and ATP is created by chmiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation)

196
Q

Where is pyruvate synthesized?

A

in the cytosol

197
Q

Where does cellular respiration begin?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix?

198
Q

Once pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion matrix, further breakdown occurs in what two stages?

A

1) the formation of acetyl CoA

2) the Krebs cycle

199
Q

What results when pyruvate is split?

A

acetyl group is formed and CO2 released

200
Q

Who discovered the Krebs cycle?

A

Hans Krebs: he won the nobel prize in 1953

201
Q

What else is the Krebs cycle called?

A

1) citric acid cycle (CAC)

2) tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)

202
Q

How does the Krebs cycle begin?

A

Combining acetyl CoA with a 4-carbon molecule to form 6-carbon citrate, and releasing CoA.

203
Q

How much CO2 is released during the Krebs cycle?

A

2

204
Q

In the Krebs cycle, how much ATP is produced by each acetyl CoA?

A

1

205
Q

In the Krebs cycle, how much NADH is produced by each acetyl CoA?

A

3

206
Q

In the Krebs cycle, how much FADH2 is produced by each acetyl CoA?

A

1

207
Q

What is FAD?

A

a high-energy electron carrier (similar to NAD)

208
Q

What is generated as a waste product during the mitochondrial reactions?

A

CO2

209
Q

In the Krebs cycle, how is chemical energy released?

A

by breaking down each acetyl group

210
Q

In the Krebs cycle, how is the released chemical energy captured?

A

in energy-carrier molecules

211
Q

For every glucose molecule that was broken down, how many high-energy electrons are captured in carrier molecules?

A

10 NADH and 2 FADH2

212
Q

How many electrons are released by the carriers and where do thy go?

A

2 electrons into the ETC

213
Q

What is the flow of electrons through the whole ETC called?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

214
Q

In the ETC, what is the buildup of H+ in the intermembrane space used for?

A

to generate ATP

215
Q

At the end of the ETC, what happens to the energy-depleted electrons?

A

they are transferred to oxygen (which acts as an electron acceptor)

216
Q

What do energy-depleted electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions combine to form?

A

water

217
Q

How many water molecules are produced in the ETC?

A

1 water molecule is produced for every 2 electrons

218
Q

What is most needed to allow the ETC to function and for ATP synthesis to continue?

A

Oxygen

219
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

oxygen

220
Q

How much metabolic water is produced per day in the process of voiding electrons from cells?

A

0.8 L

221
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

the process by which energy is first used to generate a gradient of H+ and then captured in the bonds of ATP as H+ flows down its gradient

222
Q

During ETC, where is the concentration of H+ the highest?

A

in the intermembrane space.

223
Q

During ETC, where is the concentration of H+ the lowest?

A

in the matrix

224
Q

When H+ flows across the membrane through the ATP synthase channels, what is generated by this movement?

A

ATP from ADP and Phosphate

225
Q

For each molecule of glucose, how many molecules of ATP are synthesized due to the flow of H+ through the synthase channel?

A

32

226
Q

After leaving the mitochondrion, where does the ATP go?

A

into the cytoplasm to be used by the cell

227
Q

How much ATP do people produce, use, and regenerate daily?

A

The equivalent of their body weight.

228
Q

What does cyanide poisoning do to the process?

A

inhibits Cyt C oxidase enzyme (phase IV) which “uncouples” the ETC (suffocation from the inside at every cell)

229
Q

What are the three components of a cyanide antidote package?

A

amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate

230
Q

What does a cyanide antidote do?

A

helps convert cyanide to thiocyanate, which is excreted renally.

231
Q

What does fermentation produce?

A

lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide

232
Q

What is the second stage of glucose breakdown if oxygen is not available?

A

fermentation

233
Q

Does fermentation produce any ATP?

A

no

234
Q

In fermentation, what happens to the pyruvate?

A

remains in the cytoplasm and is converted into lactate or ethanol and CO2

235
Q

How does fermentation allow an organism to continue to function?

A

it regenerates NAD+, which must be available for glycolysis to continue

236
Q

What does lactate fermentation produce?

A

lactic acid from pyruvate

237
Q

What happens during alcoholic fermentation?

A

pyruvate is converted into ethanol and CO2. It also converts NADH to NAD+, which is then available for glycolysis

A&P 303 (18 decks)

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