4, 5, 6

Question 1

_______ - Incidence Antigens and corresponding antibodies make it very difficult to locate blood products for transfusion

Answer 1

High

Question 2

Name three types of Antigen- Antibody reactions

Answer 2

Agglutination
Hemolysis
Precipitation

Question 3

Define agglutination

Answer 3

Clumping of RBCs

Question 4

What is agglutination caused by?

Answer 4

Antibodies bridges between antigens on different cells

Question 5

Where can agglutination occur ?

Answer 5

In vitro/ in vivo

Question 6

Agglutination is the end stage of most _________ reactions.

Answer 6

Ab/ Ag

Question 7

Define hemolysis

Answer 7

rupturing (lysis) of RBCs

Question 8

Where can hemolysis occur?

Answer 8

in vitro/ in vivo

Question 9

Hemolysis is the endpoint for ____________ & _______________

Answer 9

Ag/ Ab reactions; blood bank/serology procedures

Question 10

What is activated in order for hemolysis to occur? What is it activated by?

Answer 10

Complement; is activated by IgM or IgG Antibodies

Question 11

Define precipitation.

Answer 11

Formation of insoluble, usually visible, complex between soluble Ab and soluble Ag

Question 12

In precipitation a positive reaction appears as __________________.

Answer 12

Ring or sediment

Question 13

Precipitation is the endpoint in _____________________________.

Answer 13

immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis

Question 14

What two reactions are transfusion services primarily concerned with?

Answer 14

Agglutination and hemolysis reactions

Question 15

What are the two stages of agglutination?

Answer 15

Sensitization and Agglutination

Question 16

What is sensitization?

Answer 16

1st stage: Ab attaches to Ag on RBC membrane

Question 17

What is agglutination?

Answer 17

2nd stage: formation of bridges between sensitized RBCs to form a lattice

Question 18

What factors affect the first stage of agglutination? ( there are seven)

Answer 18

1. Equilibrium constant
2. Antibody
3. Temperature
4. pH
5. Incubation time
6. Ionic Strength
7. Ag/ Ab proportions

Question 19

What is the proper testing for routine blood bank testing?

Answer 19

Clotted/anticoagulated

Question 20

What information must be on a sample used for blood bank testing?

Answer 20

Patient assession number, test being performed and date of collection

Question 21

May hemolyzed specimen be used for routine blood bank testing? Explain.

Answer 21

No, because hemolysis is considered a positive reaction

Question 22

Antibodies to ABO blood group antigens are usually…
A) autoimmune
B) naturally occurring

Answer 22

B)

Question 23

Generally, at what temperature do ABO antibodies best react?

Answer 23

Room temp

Question 24

ABO Antibodies are generally ____ antibodies the do not cross the placenta and can bind complement.

Answer 24

IgM

Question 25

What is the purpose of the Rh control?

Answer 25

To rule out pseudo agglutination for patients that are AB Positive

Question 26

What reaction agglutinates predominantly in the lower half of gel microtube?

Answer 26

1+

Question 27

What reaction agglutinates dispersely throughout length of gel column?

Answer 27

2+

Question 28

What reaction does the majority of the cell agglutinates get trapped in upper half of gel microtube?

Answer 28

3+

Question 29

What reaction is there a solid band of cell agglutinates on top of the gel?

Answer 29

4+

Question 30

Why is ABO serum grouping not performed on cord blood specimens?

Answer 30

Cord blood has Wharton’s jelly and will interfere with protein in blood

Question 31

In the serum of group A individual what antibodies are expected to be detected?

Answer 31

Anti B

Question 32

In the serum of a group B individual, what antibodies are expected to be detected?

Answer 32

Anti A

Question 33

In the serum of a group O individual, what antibodies are expected to be detected?

Answer 33

Anti A, Anti B, Anti AB

Question 34

how would you differentiate between a group A1 person and a group A2 person?

Answer 34

Anti A1 Lectin

Question 35

If the ABO groups of the parents are both O, what are the possible ABO types for their offspring?

Answer 35

O

Question 36

If the ABO groups of the parents are both A, what are the possible ABO types for the offspring?

Answer 36

A or O

Question 37

If one parent is group A and the other parent is Group B, what are the possible ABO types for the children?

Answer 37

A, B, AB, O

Question 38

If one parent is Group B and the other is Group O ,what are the possible ABO types for the children?

Answer 38

B or O

Question 39

What antigens does Bombay blood type lack?

Answer 39

H antigen, A antigen and B antigen