4 - Acute inflammation

Question 1

Acute inflammation response

Answer 1

Basic pathological process
Non-specific initial reaction to tissue damage
Stereotyped irrespective of aetiology

Question 2

Three options following acute inflammation

Answer 2

Cells can regrow
Cells cannot regrow
Damaging agent persists and so damage continues

Question 3

Cells can regrow

Answer 3

Healing by regeneration

Question 4

Cells cannot regrow

Answer 4

Healing by repair

Question 5

Damage agent persists

Answer 5

Chronic inflammation

Question 6

Why do we have acute inflammation?

Answer 6

Clear away dead tissues
Locally protect from infection
Allow access of immune system components

Question 7

Calor

Answer 7

Heat

Question 8

Rubor

Answer 8

Redness

Question 9

Dolor

Answer 9

Pain

Question 10

Tumour

Answer 10

Swelling

Question 11

Serous inflammation

Answer 11

Copious non-viscous serous fluid release w/o WBCs and so is clear.

Question 12

Fibrinous inflammation

Answer 12

Occurs when extensive leakage of fluid - fibrinogen coagulates forming fibrin

Question 13

Purulent (pseudomembranous) inflammation

Answer 13

Made in response to powerful necrotising toxin, characterised by false membrane (of fibrin, necrotic epithelium and leucocytes) formation

Question 14

Components of the acute inflammatory response

Answer 14

Vascular -> exudative -> cellular

Question 15

Vascular reaction

Answer 15

Dilatation (=rubor), changes in flow

Question 16

Exudative reaction

Answer 16

Formation of inflammatory exudate (=tumour)

Question 17

Cellular reaction

Answer 17

Migration of inflammatory cells out of vessels

Question 18

Pyrexia definition

Answer 18

Raised body temperature

Question 19

Acute phase reaction definition

Answer 19

Summary of complex metabolic/neurological/immunological/inflammatory changes that occur after quick onset of injury/infection

Question 20

Vascular reaction process

Answer 20

Microvascular dilatation
Initially flow up then down
Increased permeability

Question 21

Mediated vascular reaction hormones

Answer 21

Histamine
Bradykinin
NO
Leukotriene B4
Complement components

Question 22

Non-mediated vascular reaction hormones

Answer 22

Direct damage to endothelium e.g. toxins, physical agents

Question 23

Composition of acute inflammatory exudate

Answer 23

Protein rich -> immunoglobulins, fibrinogen

Constantly turning over of loads of agents

Question 24

Cellular reaction process

Answer 24

Accumulation of neutrophils in extracellular space

In severe cases, accumulation of neutrophils, cellular debris and bacteria forms pus

Question 25

How neutrophils get through the walls

Answer 25

Axial stream of neutrophils -> margination -> rolling - adhesion (pavementing) -> migration (RBC diapedesis) -> chemotaxis

Question 26

Mediators of acute inflammation types

Answer 26

Cell derived and plasma derived

Question 27

Types of cell derived mediators

Answer 27

Stored (histamine) | Synthesised (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, PAF, cytokines, NO, chemokines)

Question 28

Plasma derived

Answer 28

Kinin system Clotting pathway Thrombolytic pathway Complement pathway

Question 29

Mediators for vascular dilatation

Answer 29

``` Histamine PGE2/I2 VIP NO PAF ```

Question 30

Mediators for increasing permeability

Answer 30

``` Histamine Bradykinin NO C5a LTB4 PAF ```

Question 31

Mediators for neutrophil adhesion

Answer 31

``` IL-8 C5a LTB4 PAF IL-1 TNF ```

Question 32

Mediators for neutrophil chemotaxis

Answer 32

LTB4 IL-8 Chemokines

Question 33

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Answer 33

Response to immune system for infection but whole body - related to sepsis

Question 34

Acute (adult) respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Answer 34

Severe, life-threatening inflammation of whole lungs. Triggered by trauma or sepsis.

Question 35

Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood

Answer 35

Certain compounds in the immune system have problems forming the oxidative compounds needed for the immune response

Question 36

Hereditary angio-oedema (HAE)

Answer 36

Rare, autosomal dominantly inherited blood disorder causes episodic attacks which swell the face, extremities, genitals, GI tract and upper airways

Question 37

Amyloidosis

Answer 37

Rare condition where amyloid is deposited in tissues and organs