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MoD > 5&6 - Immunopathology > Flashcards

5&6 - Immunopathology Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Immune system categories

A

Innate or adaptive

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2
Q

Innate system categories

A

Barrier and chemical mechanisms
PRR
Cellular - phagocytes NK cells

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3
Q

Adaptive system categories

A

Humoral

Cellular

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4
Q

Lymphoid precursor can turn into what

A

NK cell
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
T cell (from thymus)
B cell (from bone marrow)

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5
Q

T cells can split into

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T cell

CD4+ T cell

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6
Q

What does PRR stand for?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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7
Q

Examples of PRR

A

Toll-like receptors (TLR’s), NOD-like receptors, Rigl-like receptors, C-type lectins (CLR’s), scavenger receptors

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8
Q

Antimicrobial peptide examples

A

-defensins, cathelin, protegrin, granulysin, histatin, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor and probiotics

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9
Q

Cells of the innate immune system examples

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, NK-T cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils and epithelial cells

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10
Q

Complement components of the innate immune system

A

Classic and alternative complement pathways and proteins that bind complement components

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11
Q

Cytokines of the innate immune system

A

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine cytokines that mediates host defense and inflammation, as well as recruit, direct and regulate adaptive immune responses

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12
Q

What are PRR?

A

Inclusive term for antigen recognition receptor in innate system
2 groups of receptors either cell surface (transmembrane) and intracellular receptors, fluid-phase soluble molecules

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13
Q

Fluid phase recognition molecules’ family

A

C-type lectin family

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14
Q

Things belonging to C-type lectin family

A

Collectins - mannan-binding lectin; surfactant protein A&D
Recognition of microbial complex carbohydrates
Bind via carbohydrate-recognition domains
Role in neutralisation of pathogen
Role in recruitment of adaptive response

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15
Q

Complement pathways

A

Classical - antigen - Ig complexes
MB-lectin - mannose-binding lectin binds mannose on pathogen surfaces
Alternative - pathogen surfaces

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16
Q

Cells of the innate immune system

A 
Macrophages
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs)
Myeloid dendritic cells
Natural killer cells (NK)
NK-T cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Mast cells and basophils
Epithelial cells
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17
Q

What are plasmacytoid dendritic cells? (DCs)

A

Produce large amounts of interferon (IFN) - antitumour and antiviral activity.

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18
Q

What are myeloid dendritic cells

A

Interstitial DCs are strong producers of IL-2 and IL-10 in T cell zones.

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19
Q

What do mast cells and basophils release? why?

Study These Flashcards
A

Release TNF-, IL-6, IFN- in response to bacteria

20
Q

V(D)J recombination how does it work?

Study These Flashcards
A

D to J recombination. So these are spliced.

V combines with DJ recombination.

21
Q

Mechanism of antigen presentation

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Antigens are internalised
  2. Broken down to peptides
  3. Peptides associated with newly synthesised class 2 molecules and brought to cell surface
  4. If the peptides are foreign they are recognised by helper T cells which are then activated
  5. Helper T cells produce cytokines needed by B cells, T cells etc.
22
Q

Histocompatibility antigens

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Glycoproteins found on mammalian cells make us unique
  • First found on white cells (called human leucocyte antigens or HLA)
  • 6 families coded for by gene in MHC
23
Q

How many classes of histocompatibility?

24
Q

Class one HLA receptors

Study These Flashcards
A

HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C

25
Class two HLA receptors
HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR
26
Function of class 1 and 2 MHC proteins
T cells only see antigen in association with MHC proteins. Proteins are there to present antigenic peptides MHC1 = cytotoxic (CD8) MHC2 = helper T (CD4)
27
Ways inactivating antigens via antigens
Neutralisation (blocking viral binding sites) Agglutination of microbes Precipitation of dissolved antigens Above 3 enhance phagocytosis Activation of complement system (leads to cell lysis)
28
How do cytotoxic T cells work
1. Bind to infected cell 2. Perforin makes holes in infected cell's membrane and enzymes enter 3. Infected cell is destroyed
29
What do Th1 cells activate
CD8+ IgG antibody from B cells Macrophage activation
30
What do Th2 cells activate
Eosinophil Mast cell + basophil B cells - IgM, G, A and E antibody
31
Types of hypersensitivity
I - IgE mediated reaction II - Cytotoxic rxn III - immune complex reaction IV - cell mediated reaction
32
Type I hypersensitivity features
Anaphylactic IgE mediated mast cell and basophil degranulation - released synthesised inflammatory mediators Fast onset - 15-30 mins Can have two phase response Common antigens = pollen, bee venom, animal dander Associated disease = hay fever, allergic asthma
33
What does degranulation mean?
Granules inside cells releasing their content to outside of cell e.g. release histamine, proteases, chemotactic factors
34
Why is there sometimes a late-phase rxn in type I hypersensitivity?
Synthesis of lipid mediators can turn into arachidonic acid which makes leukotrienes and prostalandins
35
What does histamine do
Stimulate irritant nerve receptors Contract smooth muscle Increase vascular permeability
36
What does the last phase response initiate?
Basophils and eosinophils Basophils have similar properties to mast cells Eosinophils contain cytotoxic proteins and attracted to sites of allergic inflammation by chemokines. They release the contents of their granules which = major source of tissue damage in allergic response. Also initiates more T cells which make more cytokines
37
Type II rxn features
Antibody-mediated cytotoxic rxns Binding of antibody to antigen results in: 1. activation of the complement cascade resulting in cell lysis 2. Aggregation of Fc portions of Ig/C3b binding to FcRs/C3bR resulting in opsonisation, phagocytosis and destruction
38
What is type II activated by?
Initiated by IgM or complement-binding IgG IgM most efficient since pentavalent whereas IgG requires multiple binding
39
What cells are usually affected by type II rxn?
Haematopoietic cells
40
What is type II rxn related to?
Blood group incompatibility Autoimmune haemolytic anaemias Affecting neutrophils Affecting platelets
41
Type III rxns are...
Immune complex rxns
42
What are the immune complex rxns involved in type III?
1. IgG + Ag = AgAb complex 2. FcR in complex bind C1q 3. Complement activation leads to generations of activated complement fragments 4. C5a = attractant for neutrophils; C3b - opsonin 5. Attempted phagocytosis of complex - release of enzymes and O2 radicals 6. Consequence is tissue damage
43
Other antibody-mediated immunopathology
Inactivation = direct (B12 deficiency), indirect and receptor blockade
44
Type IV rxn features
T cell mediated - CD4+ cells (MHC Class II) Delayed type e.g. Tuberculin skin rxn Infiltration of lymphocytes and monocytes Langerhan's cells present neo-antigen to T cells Ag-specific T cells release cytokines Activated macrophage cause tissue damage Requires previous exposure to antigen
45
Granulomatous rxns
Granulomas - focal collections of inflammatory cells in tissues T cells are Th1-type (secrete IL2 and IFNy) Release of IL-12 by macrophages critical in initiation of response
46
Examples of granulomatous diseases
Infections: mycobacterial (TB, atypical mycobacteria, leprosy) Unknown aetiology: sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Crohn's disease

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