(4) Arthrology

Question 1

Classification of Joints:

Answer 1

• Fibrous Joints
• Cartilaginous Joints
• Synovial Joints

Question 2

is the study of the articulations (unions) between bones

Answer 2

arthrology

Question 3

arthrology is the study of the articulations (unions) between bones, which are commonly called?

Answer 3

joints

Question 4

The tissue that unites the bones of a joint is generally?

Answer 4

fibrous tissue or cartilage.

Question 5

This joint have no joint cavity. The bones are united by fibrous tissue

Answer 5

Fibrous joints

Question 6

refers to a joint united by fibrous tissue that permits only slight movement.

Answer 6

Syndesmosis

Question 7

This is the particular fibrous joint between bones of the skull. It is often completely ossify in maturity.

Answer 7

suture

Question 8

is the specialized articulation of teeth in their alveoli (sockets) in the mandible and maxilla.

Answer 8

gomphosis

Question 9

The collagenous tissues and fibroblasts that join the tooth to the socket constitute the?

Answer 9

periodontium

Question 10

This joint are united by cartilage, with no intervening joint cavity.

Answer 10

cartilaginous joint

Question 11

is an immovable joint in which the uniting medium is hyaline cartilage.

Answer 11

synchondrosis

Question 12

Joints that are united by flattened disks of fibrocartilage as found between adjacent pelvic bones and between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and sternebrae.

Answer 12

Symphyses (fibrocartilaginous joints)

Question 13

The fibrous or cartilaginous tissues separating adjacent bones in syndesmoses, synchondroses, and symphyses can be replaced by bone as a result of either aging or degenerative processes. When this occurs, the joint is sometimes called a?

Answer 13

synostosis

Question 14

This joint have similar general structure, which includes articular surfaces, articular cartilages, articular cavity, joint capsule, and ligaments

Answer 14

synovial (formerly called diarthrodial) joints

Question 15

are specialized layers of compact bone on the surfaces that articulate with other bones.

Answer 15

articular surfaces

Question 16

is a layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface.

Answer 16

articular cartilage

Question 17

is a space between the adjacent bones of the joint surrounded by the joint capsule.

Answer 17

Articular cavity

Question 18

articular cavity is a space between the adjacent bones of the joint surrounded by the joint capsule. Because the space is normally very small and has within it only a very small amount of lubricating fluid, it is called?

Answer 18

Potential space

Question 19

joint capsule consists of two layers:

Answer 19

• synovial membrane
• fibrous capsule

Question 20

The deeper layer of joint capsule is the ?, a delicate layer of specialized connective tissue extending from the edges of the articular cartilages of the adjacent bones but not covering the articular cartilage.

Answer 20

synovial membrane

Question 21

Synovial membrane secretes ?, which lubricates the normal joint.

Answer 21

Synovial fluids

Question 22

fingerlike projections, may also project into the joint cavity.

Answer 22

Villi (villi synoviales)

Question 23

The superficial layer of the joint capsule is the ?, a heavier fibrous sleeve adjacent to the synovial membrane.

Answer 23

fibrous capsule

Question 24

in relation to the musculoskeletal system, are connective tissue bands that extend from bone to bone.

Answer 24

Ligaments

Question 25

are connective tissue bands that connect muscle to bone.

Answer 25

Tendons

Question 26

This ligaments are found within joints and are surrounded by the synovial membrane.

Answer 26

Intracapsular (intra-articular) ligaments

Question 27

This ligament are external to the joint capsule; they include collateral, dorsal, palmar, plantar, and annular ligaments.

Answer 27

Extracapsular (periarticular) ligaments

Question 28

This ligaments lie on the medial and lateral aspects of a joint.

Answer 28

Collateral ligaments

Question 29

This ligaments lie in front of and behind the joint.

Answer 29

Dorsal and palmar (or plantar) ligaments

Question 30

This ligaments surround the joint, and their fibers generally circle the joint to strengthen and protect the capsule.

Answer 30

Annular ligaments

Question 31

are interposed between surfaces of some joints, where they contribute to the congruency of the articular cartilages and probably play a role in complex joint movements. Are truly intracapsular in that they are not covered by synovial membrane.

Answer 31

Menisci ( fibrocartilage disks)

Question 32

is a small, fluid-filled sac lined with synovial membrane. It act as cushions and are generally found where tendons cross over a bony prominence.

Answer 32

Bursa

Question 33

a synovial membrane–lined tube that wraps around the tendon’s circumference.

Answer 33

synovial sheath

Question 34

This joint may exhibit one or more of the following movements: gliding or sliding, flexion, extension, hyperextension, rotation, adduction, abduction, and circumduction

Answer 34

Synovial joints

Question 35

This movement occurs between two more or less flat surfaces in plane joints.

Answer 35

Gliding or sliding

Question 36

consists of a twisting movement of a segment around its own axis.

Answer 36

Rotation

Question 37

combines the other types of movement with the exception of rotation

Answer 37

Circumduction

Question 38

rotates an extremity so that the dorsum is up

Answer 38

Pronation

Question 39

is a movement that rotates an extremity so that the palmar or plantar aspect of the limb is up.

Answer 39

Supination

Question 40

A type of joint involve only two articulating bones

Answer 40

Simple joints

Question 41

This is a type of joint that includes more than two bones within the same joint capsule

Answer 41

composite joints

Question 42

This type of joint move only in their sagittal plane. The movements in this type of joint are flexion, extension, and, in some joints, hyperextension.

Answer 42

Ginglymus (hinge) joints

Question 43

This type of joint have only a slight gliding movement between relatively flat apposed surfaces.

Answer 43

Plane joints

Question 44

Plane joints have only a slight gliding movement between relatively flat apposed surfaces. These surfaces are called?

Answer 44

facets

Question 45

This type of joint is one in which rotary movement occurs around one axis.

Answer 45

trochoid (pivot) joint

Question 46

This type of joint permit movement in nearly any direction. A spherical head on one bone fits into a cup-shaped depression in the other. Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, and circumduction are all possible

Answer 46

Spheroid (ball and socket) joints

Question 47

What is the best example of a spheroid joint.

Answer 47

The coxofemoral (hip) joint

Question 48

This joint has a convex articular condyles articulate with somewhat concave articular surfaces.

Answer 48

condylar joint

Question 49

What are some examples of condylar joints

Answer 49

temporomandibular and femorotibial (stifle) joints

Question 50

this joint has an articular surface that is expanded more in one direction than another, forming an ellipse

Answer 50

ellipsoid joint

Question 51

This joint has surfaces that resemble an English saddle. It permits all types of movement except rotation

Answer 51

saddle joint

Question 52

This joint are between the mandible and the temporal bone of the skull consists of an articular surface on the skull and one on the mandible, with a plate of cartilage (articular disk or meniscus) between.

Answer 52

temporomandibular joint

Question 53

The temporomandibular joint acts as a what type of joint? when the mouth opens

Answer 53

ginglymus joint

Question 54

The temporomandibular joint acts as a ginglymus joint when the mouth opens and closes and as a what type of joint? when the jaw moves from side to side and forward and back, as in grinding food.

Answer 54

plane joint

Question 55

temporomandibular joint may be described as what type of joint?

Answer 55

condylar joint.

Question 56

What do you call a joint between the occipital bone of the skull and first cervical vertebra (the atlas) is strictly a ginglymus joint

Answer 56

atlanto-occipital joint

Question 57

The only movements possible of atlanto-occipital joint are flexion and extension in the sagittal plane, as in nodding the head ( what movement: yes or no? )

Answer 57

yes

Question 58

Rotation of the head occurs between the atlas and axis, at the what joint?

Answer 58

atlantoaxial joint

Question 59

atlantoaxial joint is the best example of what joint? , in which one segment rotates around the long axis of another.

Answer 59

trochoid (pivot) joint

Question 60

Joints between adjacent vertebrae throughout the rest of the vertebral column exhibit relatively little motion.

Answer 60

symphyseal (fibrocartilaginous) joints

Question 61

The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are united by a heavy disk of fibrocartilage, called the ?, that is flexible enough to permit some bending in any direction, even twisting.

Answer 61

intervertebral disk (IVD)

Question 62

the soft center of the intervertebral disk is called the?

Answer 62

nucleus pulposus

Question 63

This intervertebral disk has a soft center, the nucleus pulposus, which may abnormally protrude through the surrounding ? into the vertebral canal

Answer 63

annulus fibrosus

Question 64

The heads of the paired ribs on each side of an intervertebral space are joined by what ligament ? , which forms a reinforcing band across the dorsal side of the intervertebral disk

Answer 64

intercapital ligament

Question 65

The scapula has no true bony connection with the thorax. It is held in place by a number of muscles and ligaments. This type of joint is sometimes called?

Answer 65

synsarcosis

Question 66

This joint of the thoracic limb is spheroid. Movements in all directions, including rotation, are possible.

Answer 66

shoulder (scapulohumeral) joint

Question 67

This joint is a true ginglymus joint formed by the humeral condyle meeting the proximal ends of the radius and ulna.

Answer 67

elbow joint

Question 68

This joint is a complex joint that permits flexion and extension not only between the radius and proximal row of carpal bones (radiocarpal joint), but also to a lesser degree between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones (midcarpal joint).

Answer 68

carpus joint

Question 69

The joint between the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpus (carpometacarpal joint) is almost entirely a what type of joint? , which allows only limited gliding movements and makes almost no contribution to the degree to which the entire carpus can flex

Answer 69

plane joint

Question 70

The fibrous layer of the joint capsule of the carpus is extensive, being a long sleeve extending from the radius to the metacarpus and enclosing the carpal bones. The synovial membrane, however, forms three separate sacs:

Answer 70

- radiocarpal sac - midcarpal sac - carpometacarpal sac

Question 71

This joint is formed by the distal end of the metacarpus; the proximal end of the first phalanx, or long pastern bone; and the two proximal sesamoid bones. It is a ginglymus joint that in the normal standing position is hyperextended

Answer 71

metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint

Question 72

This joint is a ginglymus joint between the first and second phalanges

Answer 72

proximal interphalangeal (pastern) joint

Question 73

What is a specific condition that occurs when there are degenerative changes in the proximal interphalangeal (pastern)joint

Answer 73

High ringbone

Question 74

What joint is formed by the second and third phalanges and the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone. The coffin joint is largely encased within the hoof and is essentially a ginglymus joint.

Answer 74

distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint)

Question 75

Degenerative joint disease in this distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint) is commonly referred to as?

Answer 75

low ringbone

Question 76

This joint is the only bony connection between the axial and appendicular skeletons. In the young animal, this joint exhibits features of both synchondroses and synovial joints, although its mobility is progressively diminished in the adult.

Answer 76

sacroiliac joint

Question 77

Ligaments in the sacroiliac joint include?

Answer 77

dorsal and ventral sacroiliac and sacrotuberous ligaments

Question 78

This joint is the best example of a spheroid (ball and socket) joint. The head of the femur is about two-thirds of a sphere that fits into the less extensive acetabulum of the os coxae. The margin of the acetabulum is reinforced and deepened by a marginal cartilage.

Answer 78

coxofemoral (hip) joint

Question 79

The joint capsule of what joint? is extensive, but not so extensive as that of the shoulder joint

Answer 79

hip joint

Question 80

What ligaments of the femur connects the head of the femur with a nonarticular area within the acetabulum.

Answer 80

The ligament of the femoral head (formerly round ligament)

Question 81

What joint corresponds to the human knee. It comprises the condyles of the distal femur, the patella, and the proximal tibia.

Answer 81

stifle joint

Question 82

The femoral condyles are separated from the proximal tibia by two intra-articular?

Answer 82

menisci

Question 83

This joint is stabilized by medial and lateral collateral ligaments and by two intra-capsular cruciate ligaments that form an X as they cross from the tibia to the femur in the middle of the joint.

Answer 83

stifle joint

Question 84

This sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of insertion of the large cranial muscles of the thigh.

Answer 84

patella (kneecap)

Question 85

This joint like the carpus, is a composite joint. The ginglymus portion is formed between the distal end of the tibia and the talus.

Answer 85

tarsus (hock) joint

Question 86

The calcaneus projects proximad and caudad to form a lever for attachment of what tendon?, which is the common insertional tendon of the extensor muscles of the hock.

Answer 86

common calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon)