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Biology 2 > 40/54/56/57and58 > Flashcards

40/54/56/57and58 Flashcards

1
Q

Specialized cells of a given types cluster together.

A

Tissues

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2
Q 
4 categories of Tissues
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_
A

Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective

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3
Q

Cells specialized to contract generating force

A

Muscle tissue

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4
Q

3 types Muscle tissue
____ – attached to bone or exoskeleton for locomotion, voluntary control
____– surrounds hollow tubes and cavities for propulsion of contents, involuntary control
____– only in the heart, involuntary control

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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5
Q

Initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animal’s body to another

A

Nervous tissue

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6
Q

Single nerve cell called a

A

neuron

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7
Q

Electrical signals produced in one nerve cell may stimulate or inhibit other nerve cells to
Initiate new _____ _____
Stimulate muscle _ _____
Stimulate glands _ ____ _____

A

Initiate new electrical signals
Stimulate muscle to contract
Stimulate glands to release chemicals

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8
Q

Specialized to protect and secrete or absorb.Sheets of densely-packed cells that
Cover the body or individual organs
Line the walls of body cavities
_______ _______

A

Epithelial tissues

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9
Q

Epithelial tissues
All are asymmetrical or polarized
Rest on _____ _____ or ______ _____

A

basal lamina

basement membrane

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10
Q

Connect, anchor, and support.
Includes blood, adipose, bone, cartilage, loose and dense connective tissue
Form an extracellular matrix around cells

A

Connective tissues

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11
Q 
Connective tissues
provides.
\_\_\_
\_\_\_
\_\_\_
\_\_\_
A

Provides scaffold for attachment
Protects and cushions
Mechanical strength
Transmit information

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12
Q

Blood = fluid, cells (___, ___, ________) proteins, clotting factors

A

RBC
WBC
macro- phage

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13
Q

Blood separated from cells by allowing cells to settle =

aka fluid portion of blood

A

Plasma

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14
Q

Blood separated from cells by forming a clot =

A

Serum

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15
Q

When Blood loses its RBC =

also found as a fluid between tissues

A

Lymph

(contains WBC ) Leucaytes

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16
Q

RBC all alone is called =

A

Erythrocytes

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17
Q

_______ are large bone marrow that creates platelets

A

Megakaryocytes

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18
Q

Blood phagocytes that rapidly grow into a Macrophage and dendritic cells

A

Monocytes

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19
Q

Largest phagocyte that ingests and kill foreign cells.

A

Macrophage

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20
Q

Composed of 2 or more kinds of tissues = _____

different organs work together to perform an overall function =

A

Organs

Organ system

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21
Q

Organ Development and Function Are Controlled by

A

Homeotic Genes

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22
Q

_________ = family of ancient highly conserved genes found in all animals

A

Homeotic genes

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23
Q

Determine timing and spatial patterning of the anteroposterior body axis during development
in vertebrates known as the ___ genes

A

Hox genes

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24
Q

Hox genes also important for growth, development and function of organs in adults

A

Hox genes also important for growth, development and function of organs in adults

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25
Q

Movement of most solutes between compartments or across plasma membranes is mediated by transport proteins

passive and requires a channel

A

Facilitated diffusion

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26
Q

Movement of most solutes between compartments or across plasma membranes is mediated by transport proteins

requires ATP and a transporter

A

Active transport

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27
Q

All respiratory organs have an _______ _____ area

A

extensive surface area

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28
Q

Process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external surroundings

A

Homeostasis

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29
Q

maintain same fluid composition as environment – cheaper

A

Conformers

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30
Q

internal composition of fluids different from environment – more expensive

A

Regulators

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31
Q

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment _______

A

Ecology

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32
Q

Studies how an organism’s structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges.
________ _____

A

Organismal ecology

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33
Q

A _______ is a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

A

population

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34
Q

________ focuses on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area

A

Population ecology

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35
Q

A ________ is a group of populations of different species in an area

A

community

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36
Q

________ deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community

A

Community ecology

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37
Q

An _________ is the community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact

A

ecosystem

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38
Q

________ _______ emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components

A

Ecosystem ecology

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39
Q

A ________ is a mosaic of connected ecosystems

A

landscape

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40
Q

________ deals with arrays of ecosystems and how they are arranged in a geographic region

A

Landscape ecology

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41
Q

The ________ is the global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet’s ecosystems

A

biosphere

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42
Q

_______ ______ examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere

A

Global ecology

43
Q

Ecology has a long history as a ___________ science.

More recently, ecology has also become a rigorous experimental science

A

descriptive science

44
Q

Ecology provides the scientific understanding that underlies environmental issues.
_____ _____ is credited with starting the modern environmental movement with the publication of ______ _____ in ____(#)

A

Rachel Carson
is credited the publication of Silent Spring
1962

45
Q

Species distribution may be limited by habitat selection behavior
Biotic factors that affect the distribution of organisms may include:

A

Interactions with other species
Predation
Competition

46
Q 
Abiotic factors are the non-living parts of the environment that can often have a major influence on living organisms.
These abiotic factors include:
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_
A 
Temperature
Water (Precipitation or Humidity)
Sunlight
Wind
Rocks and soil
47
Q

________ consists of patterns on the global, regional, and local level.
the overall climate of a region usually a large geographic area

A

Macroclimate

48
Q

________ consists of very fine patterns.

the climate of a very small or restricted area, especially when this differs from the climate of the surrounding area.

A

Microclimate

49
Q

Warm wet air flows from the tropics toward the poles

A

Warm wet air flows from the tropics toward the poles

50
Q

(Hot and Humid) = are home to millions of animal species. rainfall is relatively constant or precipitation is highly seasonal

(Hot and Moderate Moisture) = Grasses and forbs (Euphorbiaceae) make up most of the ground cover

(Hot and Dry) =many kinds of snakes and lizards, scorpions, ants, beetles, and more with many are nocturnal

A

Tropical Forests = (Hot and Humid)
Savanna = (Hot and Moderate Moisture)
Desert = (Hot and Dry)

51
Q

(Moderate Temp and Humid) = Winters are cool, while summers are hot and humid. Significant precipitation falls year round as rain and snow

(Mod. Temp and Mod. Moisture) = Winters are cold and dry, while summers are wet and hot

(Moderate Temp and Dry) = climate is highly seasonal
is dominated by shrubs, small trees, grasses, and herbs; many plants are

A

Broadleaf Forest = (Moderate Temp and Humid)
Temperate Grassland = (Mod. Temp and Mod. Moisture)
Chaparral = (Moderate Temp and Dry)

52
Q

(Cold and Humid) = It is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth
(Cold and Moderate Moisture) = Winters are long and cold while summers are relatively cool; precipitation varies
(Cold and Dry) = arctic ice

A

Conifer Forest = (Cold and Humid)
Tundra = (Cold and Moderate Moisture)
Polar Ice = (Cold and Dry)

53
Q

The largest Biome in the world is the northern _____ ____

A

Coniferous Forest

54
Q

The Grass land in the united states use to be the biggest biome there but now its the _____ ____ in the rocky mounts

A

Coniferous Forest

55
Q

Many aquatic biomes are stratified into zones or layers defined by
_______
_______
_______

A

Light Penetration
Temperature
Depth

56
Q

The upper ______ zone has sufficient light for photosynthesis while the lower _____ zone receives little light

A

photic zone

aphotic zone

57
Q

The organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones is called the _____ zone

A

benthic zone

58
Q

______, dead organic matter, falls from the productive surface water and is an important source of food

A

Detritus

59
Q

In oceans and most lakes, a temperature boundary called the _______ separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water

A

thermocline

60
Q

Many lakes undergo a semiannual mixing of their waters called ______.

it mixes oxygenated water from the surface with nutrient-rich water from the bottom

A

Turnover

61
Q

__________ lakes are nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich

A

Oligotrophic lakes

62
Q

_________ lakes are nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen if ice covered in winter

A

Eutrophic lakes

63
Q

Rooted and floating aquatic plants live in the shallow and well-lighted _____ zone

A

littoral zone

64
Q

A _______ is a habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
can develop in shallow basins, along flooded river banks, or on the coasts of large lakes and seas

A

wetland

65
Q

____ ____ are formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
Corals require a solid substrate for attachment

A

Coral reefs

66
Q

Biomes are affected not just by average temperature and precipitation, but also by the pattern of temperature and precipitation through the year

A

Biomes are affected not just by average temperature and precipitation, but also by the pattern of temperature and precipitation through the year

67
Q

_____ is the number of individuals per unit area or volume.

_______ is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population.

A

Density

Dispersion

68
Q

_______ is the influx of new individuals from other areas

_______ is the movement of individuals out of a population

A

Immigration

Emigration

69
Q

3 Patterns of Dispersion

1) In a _________ dispersion, individuals aggregate in patches
2) A _______ dispersion is one in which individuals are evenly distributed
3) In a _______ dispersion, the position of each individual is independent of other individuals

A

clumped dispersion
uniform dispersion
random dispersion

70
Q

________ is the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time
(Death rates and birth rates are of particular interest to demographers)

A

Demography

71
Q

A ____ ____ is an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population.

It is best made by following the fate of a cohort, a group of individuals of the same age

A

Life Table

72
Q

A _________ ___ is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table by showing it as a line graph.

A

survivorship curve

73
Q

3 types of Survivorship curves:

Type _: the death rate is constant over the organism’s life span

Type _: low death rates during early and middle life, then an increase among older age groups

Type _: high death rates for the young, then a slower death rate for survivors

A

Type II

Type I

Type III

74
Q

Life history traits are products of natural selection
An organism’s life history comprises the traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival:
1) The age at which reproduction begins
2) How often the organism reproduces
3) How many offspring are produced during each reproductive cycle

A

Life history traits are products of natural selection
An organism’s life history comprises the traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival:
1) The age at which reproduction begins
2) How often the organism reproduces
3) How many offspring are produced during each reproductive cycle

75
Q

Species that exhibit ________ reproduce once and die

Species that exhibit ________ produce offspring repeatedly

A

semelparity

iteroparity

76
Q

Some plants produce a large number of small seeds

2) This is a semelparity strategy (__-___ reproduction)

A

big-bang

77
Q

Other types of plants produce a moderate number of large seeds that provide a large store of energy that will help seedlings become established.
1) This is an iteroparity strategy (_______ reproduction)

A

repeated reproduction

78
Q

Exponential population growth results in a _-____ ____
The _-____ ____ of exponential growth characterizes some rebounding populations in protected environments.
“Doubling over a specific time period”
“No limitations on growth”
“Unrealistic”

A

J-shaped curve

79
Q

Logistic Growth results in a _-____ ____
The logistic model: a population grows slower as it nears its carrying capacity
Exponential growth cannot be sustained for long in any population.
“realistic”
“Limitation cause the population”

A

S-Shaped Curve

80
Q 
Parts of the Growth Curves
First 2 exist on both types of curves
1)\_\_\_\_\_\_= Starting point, slow.
2)\_\_\_\_\_= Rapid growth.
3rd and 4th stage is only for Logistic growth Curves
3)\_\_\_\_\_= slowly hits a cap.
4)\_\_\_\_\_= starts to drop.
A

Lag phase
Exponentic phase
Stationary Phase
Decline Phase

81
Q

K-selection, or density-_____ selection, selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density

A

density-dependent

82
Q

Remember, K depends on population size and density
“r-selection, or density-_____ selection”, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction.

Remember, r only depends on births and deaths

A

density-independent

83
Q

In density-_______ populations, birth rate and death rate do not change with population density.
(These are r selection populations)

A

density-independent

84
Q
  1. In density-_______ populations, birth rates fall and death rates rise with population density.
    (These are K selection populations)
A

density-dependent

85
Q 
Density-dependent birth and death rates are an example of negative feedback that regulates population growth.
They are affected by many factors, such as:
a) Competition for resources (famine)
b) Territoriality
c) Disease
d) Predation (and pestilence)
e) Toxic wastes
f) Intrinsic factors
A

a) Competition for resources (famine)
b) Territoriality
c) Disease
d) Predation (and pestilence)
e) Toxic wastes
f) Intrinsic factors

86
Q

__________ are groups of populations linked by immigration

A

Metapopulations

87
Q

1) Zero population growth = High birth rate – High death rate
Common in _____ areas or Developing countries

2) Zero population growth = Low birth rate – Low death rate
Common in _____ areas or Developed countries

A

Rural areas

Urban areas

88
Q

The ________ ______ is the move from the first state toward the second state
Quality of health care
Improved access to education

A

demographic transition

89
Q

Age structure is the relative number of individuals at each age. Four patterns:

1) Pyramid = Rapidly growing populations ex. Afghanistan
2) Column = Stable Populations ex. Sweden
3) Column with Bulge = Stable with imbalance ex. U.S.A.
4) Inverted Pyramid = Declining Population ex. Russia

A

Pyramid
Column
Column with Bulge
Inverted Pyramid

90
Q

Ecologists call relationships between species in a community _________ _________

A

interspecific interactions

91
Q 
Examples of Interspecific Interactions:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism)
A

Competition
Predation
Herbivory
Symbiosis

92
Q

The total of a species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources is called the species’ ecological niche (what a species does)
Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches

A

The total of a species’ use of biotic and abiotic resources is called the species’ ecological niche (what a species does)
Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches

93
Q 
Interspecific competition (?/? interaction)
hint: The competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place
A 
Interspecific competition (-/- interaction)
hint: The competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place
94
Q

Fundamental niche is the entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself. Realized niche is the set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account.

A

Fundamental niche is the entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself. Realized niche is the set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account.

95
Q

Predation (?/? interaction) refers to interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

A

Predation (+/- interaction) refers to interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

96
Q

Prey display various defensive adaptations

Behavioral defenses include hiding, fleeing, forming herds or schools, self-defense, and alarm calls

A

Prey display various defensive adaptations

Behavioral defenses include hiding, fleeing, forming herds or schools, self-defense, and alarm calls

97
Q

Herbivory (?/? interaction) refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga

A

Herbivory (+/- interaction) refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga

98
Q

_______is a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

A

Symbiosis

99
Q

In parasitism (?/? interaction), one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process

A

In parasitism (+/- interaction), one organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process

100
Q

Parasites that live within the body of their host are called ____parasites; parasites that live on the external surface of a host are ____parasites

A

endoparasites

ectoparasites

101
Q

________ (+/+ interaction), is an interspecific interaction that benefits both species

A

mutualism

102
Q

A mutualism can be
______, where one species cannot survive without the other
______, where both species can survive alone

A

Obligate

Facultative

103
Q

In __________ (+/0 interaction), one species benefits and the other is apparently unaffected

A

commensalism

Biology 2 (9 decks)

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