Chapter 30: Modern Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Question 1

A ____ consists of __ ____ and ______ surrounded by a protective coat
1) Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land

Answer 1

seed

an embryo

Question 2

In addition to seeds, the following are common to all seed plants

1) ________ gametophytes
2) ________ (♀ megaspore and ♂ microspore)
3) _____ (♀, within is the Egg)
4) _____(♂, within is the Sperm)

Answer 2

Reduced gametophytes
Heterospory
Ovules
Pollen

Question 3

__________ produce megaspores

a) This gives rise to female gametophytes

Answer 3

Megasporangia

Question 4

_________ produce microspores

a) This gives rise to male gametophytes

Answer 4

Microsporangia

Question 5

Within the ovule the ________ is found

Answer 5

megaspore

Question 6

Gymnosperm megaspores have #_ _______

Answer 6

one integument

Question 7

Angiosperm megaspores usually have #_ _______

Answer 7

two integuments

Question 8

Microspores develop into ______ ____, which contain the male gametophytes

Answer 8

pollen grains

Question 9

If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a _____ ____ that discharges two sperm nuclei into the female gametophyte within the ovule

Answer 9

pollen tube

Question 10

The gymnosperms have:

1) “Naked” seeds not enclosed by ovaries and lacking fruit
2) Consist of four phyla:
a) _________ (cycads)
b) _________ (one living species: Ginkgo biloba)
c) _________ (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia)
d) ________ (conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood)

Answer 10

Cycadophyta
Gingkophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta

Question 11

Fossil evidence reveals that some plants had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants
a) Early plants were called ___________,

Answer 11

progymnosperms,

Question 12

Living seed plants can be divided into two clades:
_______
_______

Answer 12

a) Gymnosperms

b) Angiosperms

Question 13

Today, cone-bearing gymnosperms called _____ dominate in the northern latitudes
b. Gymnosperms are better adapted to colder conditions than _________

Answer 13

conifers

Angiosperms

Question 14

Individuals have large cones and palmlike leaves

b. These thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today

Answer 14

Phylum Cycadophyta

Question 15

a. This phylum consists of a single living species, Ginkgo biloba
b. It has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree

Answer 15

Phylum Ginkgophyta

Question 16

a. This phylum comprises three genera only

b. Species vary in appearance

Answer 16

Phylum Gnetophyta

Question 17

a. This phylum is by far the largest of the gymnosperm phyla

b. Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round

Answer 17

Phylum Coniferophyta

Question 18

Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are:

a. Dominance of the ________ ________
b. Development of seeds from ______ _____
c. The transfer of sperm to ovules by _____

Answer 18

sporophyte generation
fertilized ovules
pollen

Question 19

It takes nearly three years from cone production to mature seed

1) Year 1: ovules (♀) and pollen (♂) develop within each cone, and pollen fertilizes the female ovule (cone stays on the tree)
2) Year 2: in the summer the cone, with fully developed embryos, falls to ground, but the cone stays tightly closed
3) Year 3: during the summer the cone opens and releases fully matured seeds that can then sprout and produce a seedling

Answer 19

It takes nearly three years from cone production to mature seed

1) Year 1: ovules (♀) and pollen (♂) develop within each cone, and pollen fertilizes the female ovule (cone stays on the tree)
2) Year 2: in the summer the cone, with fully developed embryos, falls to ground, but the cone stays tightly closed
3) Year 3: during the summer the cone opens and releases fully matured seeds that can then sprout and produce a seedling

Question 20

Embryogenesis

1) A spherical embryo grows to form a heart-shaped embryo, that then forms a torpedo-shaped embryo
a) The lobes of the heart are the _____ (becomes the shoot) and the ________ (becomes the root)

Answer 20

epicotyl

hypocotyl

Question 21

The embryo has three cell layers:

1) ________: outer&raquo_space; epidermis
(2) ________: middle&raquo_space; ground tissue (cortex
(3) ________: inner&raquo_space; vasculature

Answer 21

ectodermis
mesodermis
endodermis

Question 22

The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include _____&_____

Answer 22

flowers and fruits

Question 23

________: a specialized structure for sexual reproduction; often contains both the microsporangium (pollen) and megasporangium (ovule)

Answer 23

Flower

Question 24

_______ : develops from the fertilized central cell within the ovule

Answer 24

Fruit

Question 25

Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits that are NOT

Answer 25

found in Gymnosperms

Question 26

. All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum, _______ a. The name comes from the Greek anthos, flower

Answer 26

Anthophyta

Question 27

The flower is an angiosperm structure specialized for ______ reproduction b. Many species are pollinated by insects or animals 1) While some species are wind-pollinated

Answer 27

sexual

Question 28

. A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves: 1) ______ , which enclose the flower 2) ______ , which are brightly colored and attract pollinators 3) ______ , which produce pollen 4) ______ (or Pistils), which produce ovules

Answer 28

Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels

Question 29

______ the terminal portion of the stamen; where the pollen | is produced

Answer 29

Anthers

Question 30

hold the anthers a distance from the female stigma

Answer 30

Filaments

Question 31

____ a long extension, through which a pollen tube grows | (1) A pollen tube can also be called a germ tube

Answer 31

Style

Question 32

_____ on top, sticky, where pollen is received

Answer 32

Stigma

Question 33

Fruit tissue is formed from a #_____ fertilization between the ovule central cell (contains 2 haploid nuclei, 2n) and a pollen nucleus (n)

Answer 33

second

Question 34

_______ ______ occurs when the pollen tube discharges two pollen nuclei into the female gametophyte within an ovule. 1) One pollen nucleus fertilizes the egg 2) The other pollen nucleus combines with two nuclei in the central

Answer 34

Double fertilization

Question 35

_______ develops into the ______ ____ (develops into the rest of the Root)

Answer 35

Hypocotyl | Radicle Meristem

Question 36

______ develops into the ______ _____ (develops into the rest of the Shoot)

Answer 36

Epicotyl | Apical Meristem

Question 37

One cotyledon: characteristic of _____________ plants (Monocots) (Example: corn)

Answer 37

Monocotylendonous

Question 38

Two cotyledon: characteristic of _____________plants (Eudicots) (Example: beans)

Answer 38

Dicotylendonous

Question 39

Angiosperms originated at least ___# ______ years ago

Answer 39

140million

Question 40

``` There are four clades: ____ ________ (oldest), ________ (less developed, share some traits with basal angiosperms), _______ (one cotyledon) ______ (“true” dicots, two cotyledons) ```

Answer 40

Basal Angiosperms Magnoliids Monocots Eudicots

Question 41

Products from Seed Plants a. Most of our food comes from _______ b. Six crops yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans 1) Wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes

Answer 41

angiosperms