Chapter 27 Bacteria & Archaea (Prokaryotes)

Question 1

_______ thrive almost everywhere

acidic, salty, cold, or hot

Answer 1

Prokaryotes

Question 2

Practically all Prokaryotes are

Answer 2

Microscopic

Question 3

Prokaryotes are divided into 2 domains

Answer 3

Bacteria and Archea

Question 4

Most prokaryotes are _______ , although some species form colonies

Answer 4

Unicellular

Question 5

Most prokaryotes cells are _____ much smaller than eukaryotic cells that are _____.

Answer 5

0.5-5um (micrometers)

10-100um

Question 6

Prokaryotes Sphere shape

Answer 6

Cocci

Question 7

Prokaryotes Rods shape

Answer 7

Bacilli

Question 8

Prokaryotes Spiral shape

Answer 8

Spirilla

Question 9

An important feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells is their ______

Answer 9

Cell Wall

Question 10

Cell Wall Provides and Maintains
_____ ______
_____ _____
and _______ ______

Answer 10

Cell Shape
Physical Protection
Prevents the Cell from Bursting

Question 11

Bacterial cell walls contain ____________

Answer 11

Peptidoglycan

Question 12

Peptidoglycan, a network of _____ ______ cross-linked by _____ peptides

Answer 12

Sugar Polymers

Short Peptides

Question 13

Archaea contain ________ and ______ but lack peptidoglycan

Answer 13

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Question 14

Using the _____ _____ scientists classify many bacterial species

Answer 14

Gram Stain

Question 15

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall

Answer 15

Gram-positive

Question 16

Thin peptidoglycan cell wall

Answer 16

Gram-negative

Question 17

Found outside of cell wall in Archaea

Answer 17

Outer Membrane

Question 18

Outer Membrane contains ___________

Answer 18

Lipopolysaccharids (LPS)

Question 19

LPS is ____ , Induces high fever (______)

Answer 19

Toxic

Pyrogen

Question 20

Outer carbohydrate Covering on Prokaryotes

Answer 20

Glycocalyx

Question 21

2 types of Glycocalyx
Interlinked
Loose

Answer 21

Capsule (prevents dehydration)
Slime Layer (Helps bacteria attach and grow)

Question 22

This allows them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony

Answer 22

Fimbriae aka attatchment pili

Question 23

Are longer than fimbriae and are hollow, allows prokayotes to exchange DNA

Answer 23

Sex Pili

Question 24

Involved with Mobility; may have on or more than one Flagella

Answer 24

Flagella

Question 25

an organelle that forms the base of a flagellum or cilium

Answer 25

Basal Body

Question 26

The flagellar ____ is the long, helical screw that propels the bacterium when rotated by the motor, through the hook.

Answer 26

filament

Question 27

flagellar _____ is a short, highly curved tubular structure that connects the flagellar motor to the long filament

Answer 27

Hook

Question 28

Prokaryotes have considerable _____ _______

Answer 28

Genetic Variation

Question 29

Three Factors contribute to genetic Diversity

Answer 29

Rapid Reproduction Mutation Genetic Recombination

Question 30

Mutation rates during Binary Fission are _____, however because of rapid reproduction, mutations can accumulate rapidly

Answer 30

Low

Question 31

High diversity from mutations allows for

Answer 31

Rapid Evolution

Question 32

Prokaryotic DNA from different Individuals can be brought together by: _____ _____ _____

Answer 32

Transformation Transduction Conjugation

Question 33

A Prokayotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called ___________

Answer 33

Transformation

Question 34

_________ is the movement of genes between bacteria by bacterophages (viruses that infect bacteria)

Answer 34

Transduction

Question 35

________ is the process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells

Answer 35

Conjugation

Question 36

Sex pili allow cells to stay together for ______

Answer 36

DNA transfer

Question 37

A piece of DNA called the _ ___ is required for the production of sex pili

Answer 37

F Factor aka F = Fertility

Question 38

Cells containing the F plasmid function as DNA ______ during conjugation (F+ strain)

Answer 38

Donors | F+ strain

Question 39

Cells without the F Factor function as DNA r_______ during conjugation (F- strain)

Answer 39

recipients | F- strain

Question 40

Obtain energy from Light

Answer 40

Phototrophs

Question 41

Obtain Energy from Inorganic Chemicals

Answer 41

Chemotrophs

Question 42

Require CO2 as a Carbon Source

Answer 42

Autotrophs

Question 43

Require an Organic nutrients to make organic compounds

Answer 43

Heterotrophs

Question 44

``` The 4 factors can be combined to give the 4 major modes of Nutrition _________ _________ _________ _________ ```

Answer 44

Photoautotrophy Chemoautotrophy Photoheterotrophy Chemoheterotrophy

Question 45

_______ ______ Require O2 for cellular respiration

Answer 45

Obligate aerobes

Question 46

________ __________ are poisoned by O2

Answer 46

Obligated anaerobes

Question 47

______ _________ can survive with or without O2

Answer 47

Facultative anaerobes

Question 48

In _______ ______, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) = _________, a unique process to bacteria

Answer 48

Nitrogen Fixation | diazotrophs

Question 49

In the cyanobacterium _____, photosynthetic cells and nitrogen fixing cells called ________ exchange metabolic products. to help each other.

Answer 49

Anabaena | Heterocytes

Question 50

Extreme _______ live in highly Saline(SALTY) environments

Answer 50

Halophiles

Question 51

Extreme _______ thrive in very HOT environments

Answer 51

Thermophiles

Question 52

_________ live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product

Answer 52

Methanogens

Question 53

These bacteria are parasites that live within animal cells.

Answer 53

Chlamydias

Question 54

_______ _______ causes blindness, sterility and nongonococcal urethritis by sexual transmission

Answer 54

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 55

``` Gram Positive Bacteria: _________ _________ __________ _________ ```

Answer 55

Actinomycetes Bacillus anthracis Clostridiu botulinum Staphylococcus

Question 56

Bacteria that decomposes soil

Answer 56

Actinomycetes

Question 57

Bacteria that cause anthrax

Answer 57

Bacillus anthracis

Question 58

Bacteria that cause botulism

Answer 58

Clostridiu botulinum

Question 59

Commonly found on the skin and which can be pathogenic

Answer 59

Staphylococcus

Question 60

The smallest known Cell

Answer 60

Mycoplasms

Question 61

______ The ecological relationship between two species.

Answer 61

Sumbiosis

Question 62

Both symbiotic organisms benefits each other (+/+)

Answer 62

Mutualism (Human E-coli, poop )

Question 63

1 organism gains while NEITHER gets Hurt (+/o)

Answer 63

Commensalism (Human Mouth & breath)

Question 64

1 organism gains while the other gets Hurt (+/-)

Answer 64

Parasitism (Human/tape worm)

Question 65

_______- ________ cause disease by releasing exotins or Endotoxins

Answer 65

Pathogenic Prokaryotes

Question 66

_______ causes disease even if the prokaryote tha produce them are not present

Answer 66

Exotoxins

Question 67

_______ are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down

Answer 67

Endotoxins