Quiz2 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Since colonizing land, plants have become roughly _________ living species
A
290,000
2
Q
Green algae called _________ are the closest relatives of land plants
A
charophytes
3
Q
However, land plants share four key traits only with charophytes: a. b. c. d.
A
Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
Peroxisome enzymes
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast
4
Q
Note that land plants are not descended from _______ ______
A
modern charophytes
5
Q
The movement onto land by charophyte ancestors provided them with: 1) 2) 3) 4)
A
1) Unfiltered sun
2) More plentiful CO2
3) Nutrient-rich soil
4) Few herbivores or pathogens
6
Q
Land presented challenges: a ____ _____ and lack of ______ ______
a. The accumulation of traits that facilitated survival on land may have opened the way to its colonization by plants
A
scarcity of water
structural support
7
Q
Until this debate is resolved, we will retain the __________ definition of kingdom Plantae
A
embryophyte
8
Q
Four key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes: a. b. c. d.
A
a. Alternation of generations (with multicellular, dependent embryos)
b. Walled spores produced in sporangia
c. Multicellular gametangia
d. Apical meristems
9
Q
Additional derived traits \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ (mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients
A
a. Cuticle
b. Secondary compounds evolved in many plant species
c. Symbiotic associations between fungi (mycorrhizal associations) and the first land plants may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients
10
Q
Plants alternate between two multicellular stages
_____ & ______
A
(haploid and diploid)
11
Q
A reproductive cycle called __________ ________
2) A haploid (n) spore germinates (either male or female), grows vegetatively, and forms the ________
3) The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis
A
alternation of generations
gametophyte
12
Q
The gametes are formed in the ___________ (two types, ♀ and ♂)
A
gametangia
13
Q
Male (♂) gametophyte (n): produces the _________
A
antheridium
14
Q
Within the antheridium, the male gamete is produced
(a) Produced by _________
In Lower plants, the male gamete (♂) is the ____
(3) The sperm is the nucleus donor
A
mitosis (n > n)
sperm
15
Q
Female (♀): Nucleus acceptor, formed in the _______
A
archegonium
16
Q
In the archegonium, the female gamete is produced
In lower plants, the female gamete (♀) is the _____
A
egg
17
Q
The zygote produces an _______
A
embryo (2n)
18
Q
The embryo grows to produce a _________
A
sporophyte
19
Q
The sporophyte gives rise to the ______
A
sporangia
20
Q
Within the sporangia, ______ are produced
A
sporogonia
21
Q
Sporogonia are also called ___ _____ _____
A
spore mother cells
22
Q
One sporogonia produces four spores by _____
(a) Produced by _____
A
meiosis
2n > n; 4 cells
23
Q
Sequence: S => V => G => G(2 types) Z => E => S => S => S
A
Spores (n) => Vegetative growth (n) => Gametophytes (n) => Gametangia (2 types) (n) (antheridium, if ♂ or archegonium, if ♀) => Gametes (2 types) (n) (Sperm, if ♂ or Egg, if ♀) => Zygote (2n) (by Syngamy) -> Embryo (2n) -> Sporophyte (2n) => Sporangia (2n) => Sporogonia (2n) => Four Spores (n) by meiosis, and the process repeats
1) 50% of the spores ♂ and 50% of the spores ♀)
24
Q
The _____ ______ is retained within the tissue of the _____ ________
A
diploid embryo
female gametophyte
25
Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through _________ _______ _____ (nurse cells)
placental transfer cells
26
Land plants are called __________ because of the _________ of the embryo on the parent
embryophytes
| dependency
27
. With only a haploid chromosome number, the cell cycle is ____ ____
Therefore, the generation time is much ______ for mosses
Some mosses can complete a generation in _ to _ days
markedly faster
shorter
7 to 10 days
28
The sporophyte produces spores in organs called _________
| Diploid cells called ________ undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores
sporangia
| sporocytes
29
Spore walls contain __________, which makes them resistant to harsh environments
sporopollenin
30
Gametes are produced within organs called __________
gametangia
31
) Female (♀) gametangia, called _________, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization
archegonia
32
Male (♂) gametangia, called _________, are the site of sperm production and release
antheridia
33
Plants sustain ______ ____ in their apical meristems
continual growth
34
```
The Kingdom Plantae has four divisions:
_______ (mosses),
_______(ferns),
_______(conifers) and
_______ (flowering plants)
```
Bryophyte
Pterophytes
Gymnosperm
Angiosperms
35
Higher plants have vascular tissue; these constitute the vascular plants
Nonvascular plants are commonly called _______
bryophytes
36
Bryophytes: ___ vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo
NO
37
_______ (club mosses and their relatives), the most important group are the Bryophytes
Lycophytes
38
_________ (ferns and their relatives)
| ____Vasculature, __ real seeds, __ reserves for embryo
Pterophytes
| Vasculature, NO real seeds, NO reserves for embryo
39
Seedless vascular plants are _______
paraphyletic
40
________, the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers
| ____Vasculature, ___Real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo
Gymnosperms
| Vasculature, Real seeds, NO reserves for embryo
41
the flowering plants
| ____Vasculature, ____Real seeds, ___Reserves for embryo (fruit)
Angiosperms
| Vasculature, Real seeds, Reserves for embryo (fruit)
42
Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
Haploid tissue grows by mitosis (n n) and eventually forms an egg (♀)
Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
Haploid tissue grows by mitosis (n n) and eventually forms an egg (♀)
43
In all three bryophyte phyla, gametophytes (haploid) are ___ and _________ than sporophytes (diploid)
larger and longer-living
44
Sperm swim ______ _ ____ _ _______ to reach and fertilize the egg
through a film of water
45
Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of ________
archegonia
46
Embryo (2n) -> Sporophyte (2n)
| 1) Note the embryo is retained within the archegonia for the earliest stages of development: mosses are ___________
embryophytes
47
A sporophyte consists of a:
1)
2) (stalk)
3) also called a capsule
1) Foot
2) Seta (stalk)
3) Sporangium, also called a capsule
48
Sporangium (2n) -> Sporogonia (2n) (a type of stem cell)
| 1) Which forms ___# Spores (n) by meiosis
Four
49
Hornwort and moss sporophytes have ______ for gas exchange
stomata
50
. Living vascular plants
_________
_________
_________
(Pterophyta, Gymnosperma, Angiosperma)
51
_______ conducts most of the water and minerals
| a) Includes dead cells called tracheids
Xylem
52
_____ consists of living cells
| a) Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic molecules
Phloem
53
___ are clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls
Sori
54
In all of these variations, the earliest stages of embryogenesis is within the archegonia: ferns are _________
embryophytes
55
All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants are ____________
heterosporous
56
Heterosporous species produce:
a) _________ that give rise to female gametophytes
b) _________ that give rise to male gametophytes
Megaspores
| Microspores
57
Phylum ______: Ferns, Horsetails, and Whisk Ferns and Relatives
a. Ferns are the most diverse seedless vascular plants, with over 12,000 species
b. They are most diverse in the tropics but also thrive in temperate forests
Phylum Pterophyta
58
Entering Chp30
Chp30 Modern Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
59
_________: The Rule among Seed Plants
Heterospory
60
An ovule is a structure that develops within the ovary of the plant
1) Within the ovule, the egg, which is the female gametophyte, referred
An ovule is a structure that develops within the ovary of the plant
1) Within the ovule, the egg, which is the female gametophyte, referred
61
An ovule consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments
An ovule consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments
62
Gymnosperm megaspores have ___ integument
one integument
63
Angiosperm megaspores usually have ___ integuments
two integuments
64
Gymnosperm Evolution
1) Fossil evidence reveals that some plants had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants
a) Early plants were called __________,
b) Happened in the late Devonian period
progymnosperms
65
Living seed plants can be divided into two clades
a) Gymnosperms
| b) Angiosperms
66
Gymnosperms were better suited than nonvascular plants to
drier conditions
67
Today, cone-bearing gymnosperms called conifers dominate in the
northern latitudes
68
The Life Cycle of a Pine: A Closer Look
1. Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are:
a. Dominance of the ______ ______
b. Development of seeds from _______ ____
c. The transfer of sperm to ovules by _____
sporophyte generation
fertilized ovules
pollen
69
The life cycle of a pine provides an example
a. The pine tree is the ________
b. Produces _______ in male and female cones
c. Small cones produce ________ (♂) called pollen grains
sporophyte
sporangia
microspores
70
The familiar larger cones contain ovules
| 1) Produce _________ (♀) that develop into female gametophytes (♀)
megaspores
71
It takes nearly three years from cone production to mature seed
1) Year 1: ovules (♀) and pollen (♂) develop within each cone, and pollen fertilizes the female ovule (cone stays on the tree)
2) Year 2: in the summer the cone, with fully developed embryos, falls to ground, but the cone stays tightly closed
3) Year 3: during the summer the cone opens and releases fully matured seeds that can then sprout and produce a seedling
It takes nearly three years from cone production to mature seed
1) Year 1: ovules (♀) and pollen (♂) develop within each cone, and pollen fertilizes the female ovule (cone stays on the tree)
2) Year 2: in the summer the cone, with fully developed embryos, falls to ground, but the cone stays tightly closed
3) Year 3: during the summer the cone opens and releases fully matured seeds that can then sprout and produce a seedling
72
A spherical embryo grows to form a heart-shaped embryo, that then forms a torpedo-shaped embryo
The lobes of the heart are the epicotyl (becomes the shoot) and the hypocotyl (becomes the root)
b) The embryo has three cell layers:
(1) _______: outer => epidermis
(2) ______: middle => ground tissue (cortex)
(3) ______: inner => vasculature
ectodermis
mesodermis
endodermis
73
Develops from the endosperm, a special tissue that is ______
triploid (3n)
74
A flower is a specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves:
1) ______, which enclose the flower
2) _____, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
3) _____, which produce pollen
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
75
_____, the terminal portion of the stamen; where the pollen
is produced
hold the anthers a distance from the female stigma
Anthers
| Filaments
76
______ (or Pistils), which produce ovules
Carpels
77
______ a long extension, through which a pollen tube grows
| (1) A pollen tube can also be called a germ tube
Style
78
_______on top, sticky, where pollen is received
Stigma
79
The flower of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures
a. Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains
1) Produced by the microsporangia of anthers
b. The female gametophyte is found within an embryo sac within the ovary
The flower of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures
a. Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains
1) Produced by the microsporangia of anthers
b. The female gametophyte is found within an embryo sac within the ovary
80
A _____ ___ that has landed on a stigma germinates
pollen grain
81
_____ ________occurs when the pollen tube discharges two pollen nuclei into the female gametophyte within an ovule
1) One pollen nucleus fertilizes the egg
2) The other pollen nucleus combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte = this makes a triploid cell
Double fertilization
82
The _____ ___ is left over from the three mitotic divisions that follow meiosis (this event creates #nuclei)
central cell
| 8
83
Hypocotyl develops into the _____ ________ (develops into the rest of the Root)
Radicle Meristem
84
Epicotyl develops into the _____ _______ (develops into the rest of the Shoot)
Apical Meristem
85
The epicotyl has either one or two seed leaves called cotyledons
(2) One cotyledon: characteristic of ____________ plants (Monocots) (Example: corn)
(3) Two cotyledon: characteristic of __________ plants (Eudicots) (Example: beans)
Monocotylendonous
| Dicotylendonous
86
______ (one cotyledon)
| ______ (“true” dicots, two cotyledons)
Monocots
| Eudicots`
87
Six crops yield ##% of the calories consumed by humans
| 1) Wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes
80%
88
At the current rate of habitat loss, ##% of Earth’s species will become extinct within the next 100–200 years
50%
89
Fungi are diverse and widespread
a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients
Fungi are diverse and widespread
a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients
90
Fungi are diverse and widespread
a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients
Fungi are diverse and widespread
a. Fungi are essential for the well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems
b. They break down organic material and recycle vital nutrients
91
Fungi consist of hyphae or mycelia
| ________: a network of branched hyphae adapted for absorption
Mycelium
92
Most fungi have cell walls made of _____
chitin
93
____ (large gap junctions) are present in septa allowing cell-to-cell movement of organelles
2) Coenocytic fungi lack septa = aseptate
Pores
94
______ allow fungi to penetrate the tissues of their host
Haustoria
95
________ are mutually beneficial relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots
Mycorrhizae
96
_________ fungi form sheaths of hyphae over a root
a) They also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
(1) Do NOT penetrate plant cells
Ectomycorrhizal
97
_______ ______ fungi extend hyphae:
a) Through the cell walls of root cells, and
b) Into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane
(1) A partial penetration of plant cells
Arbuscular mycorrhizal
98
Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast numbers of spores
1) Spores can be sexual or asexual spores
Fungi propagate themselves by producing vast numbers of spores
1) Spores can be sexual or asexual spores
