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Biology 2 > Chapter 29: Plants and Conquest > Flashcards

Chapter 29: Plants and Conquest Flashcards

1
Q

Green algae called _______ are the closest relatives of land plants.

A

Charophytes

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2
Q 
Land plants share 4 Key Traits only with charophytes:
Rose-shaped \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
Structure of \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
Formation of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Rose-shaped complexe for cellulose synthesis
Peroxisome enzymes
Structure of Flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast

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3
Q

Note that land plants are not descended from modern charophytes

A

They share a common ancestor with modern charophytes

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4
Q

In charophytes a layer of a durable polymer called ___________ prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

A

Sporopollenin

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5
Q

The movement onto land by charophyte ancestors provided them with:

A

Unfiltered sun
More Plentiful CO2
Nutrient-rich soil
Few Herbivores or pathogens

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6
Q

Land presented challenges: _______& _______

A

A scarcity of water

Lack of structural support

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7
Q

4 Key traits that appear nearly in all land plants but charophytes

A

Alternation of generations (multicellular, dependent embryos)
Walled spores produced in sporangia
multicellular gametangia
Apical Meristems

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8
Q

a protective and waxy or hard layer covering the epidermis of a plant, invertebrate, or shell.

A

Cuticle

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9
Q

Plants alternate between ___________-

A

Two multicellular stages (haploid and diploid)

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10
Q

a pattern of reproduction occurring in the life cycles of many lower plants and some invertebrates, involving a regular alternation between two distinct forms.

A

alternation of generations

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11
Q

A _______ germinates (either male or female), grows vegetatively, and forms the gametophyte.

A

Haploid (n) spore

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12
Q

The gametophyte is ______ and produces ____ gametes by _____.

A

Haploid
Haploid
Mitosis

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13
Q

In lower plants, Gametes are formed in the _________ (two types, girl and boy)

A

Gametangia

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14
Q

In lower Plants, Male gametophyte (n): produces the _______

A

Antheridium

it creates the male gamete and is produced by mitosis)

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15
Q

in lower Plants, Female: formed in the ____________

A

Archegonium

it creates the female gamete

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16
Q

_________ happens when the spem swims to the egg, fuses with the egg and the two nuclei fuse.

A

Fertilization

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17
Q

After the egg and the sperm fuse together and the two nuclei fuse, a ____ _____ (2n) is made

A

Diploid zygote (2n)

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18
Q

The Zygote produces an ______

A

Embryo

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19
Q

The Embryo grows to produce a ______

A

Sporophyte

20
Q

Sporophyte gives rise to the ____

A

Sporangia

21
Q

Within the Sporangia, _____ are produced

A

Sporogoia are produced

22
Q

Sporogoia are also called

A

Spore mother cells

23
Q

One Sporogonia produces _# spores by ____.

A

4# Spores by Meiosis

24
Q

Spore walls contain __________ which makes them resistant to harsh environments.

A

Sporopollenin

25
Q

Fossil evidence indicates that plants were on lad at least

A

475 million years ago

26
Q 
The kingdom plantae has 4 divisions
(mosses)
(ferns)
(Conifers)
(Flowering plants)
A 
Bryophyte (mosses)
Pterophytes (ferns)
Gymnosperm (Conifers)
and
Angiosperm (Flowering plants)
27
Q

Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of _____ ____.

A

vascular tissue (tubes that can transport water, salts, sugars and organic molecules)

28
Q

a. Higher plants have ______

b. Nonvascular plants are commonly called ______

A

a. vascular plants

b. Bryohytes

29
Q

Bryophytes: (mosses)

___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo

A

No, No, No

30
Q

Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives).

A

the most important group are the Bryophytes.

31
Q

Pterophytes: (ferns and their relatives)

___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo

A

Yes, No, No

32
Q

Gymnosperm (the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers)

___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo

A

Yes, Yes, No

33
Q

Angiosperms: the flowering plants

___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo (fruit)

A

Yes, Yes, Yes

34
Q

______ means fertilized seed; advanced plant

A

sperm

35
Q

Bryophytes are represented today by three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants:

1) Liverworts,
2) Hornworts,
3) Mosses,

A

phylum Hepatophyta
phylum Anthocerophyta
phylum Bryophyta

36
Q

In all three bryophyte phyla, gametophytes (haploid) are ______ and _____-living than sporophytes (diploid)

A

Larger and longer-living

37
Q

Gametophytes produce:
Flagellated sperm in ______
An egg in each _______

A

antheridia (the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants.)
archegonium (the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.)

38
Q

Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of ______

A

archegonia (the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.)

39
Q

_____ are capable of inhabiting diverse and sometimes extreme environments.
Some mosses might help retain _____________

A

Mosses

nitrogen in the soil

40
Q

______ and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall

A

Ferns

41
Q

Sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the _________________

A

dominant generation

42
Q

The __________ are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface

A

gametophytes

43
Q

Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue:
_______
_______

A

xylem and phloem

44
Q

______ conducts most of the water and minerals

a) Includes dead cells called tracheids

A

Xylem

45
Q

______ consists of living cells

a) Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic molecules

A

Phloem

46
Q

Leaves are categorized by two types:
______leaves with a single vein
______leaves with a highly branched vascular system

A

Microphylls

Megaphylls

47
Q

There are two phyla of seedless vascular plants:

a. Phylum _______ includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
b. Phylum _______ includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives

A

Lycophyta

Pterophyta

Biology 2 (9 decks)

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