Chapter 29: Plants and Conquest

Question 1

Green algae called _______ are the closest relatives of land plants.

Answer 1

Charophytes

Question 2

Land plants share 4 Key Traits only with charophytes:
Rose-shaped \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
Structure of \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
Formation of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 2

Rose-shaped complexe for cellulose synthesis
Peroxisome enzymes
Structure of Flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast

Question 3

Note that land plants are not descended from modern charophytes

Answer 3

They share a common ancestor with modern charophytes

Question 4

In charophytes a layer of a durable polymer called ___________ prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

Answer 4

Sporopollenin

Question 5

The movement onto land by charophyte ancestors provided them with:

Answer 5

Unfiltered sun
More Plentiful CO2
Nutrient-rich soil
Few Herbivores or pathogens

Question 6

Land presented challenges: _______& _______

Answer 6

A scarcity of water

Lack of structural support

Question 7

4 Key traits that appear nearly in all land plants but charophytes

Answer 7

Alternation of generations (multicellular, dependent embryos)
Walled spores produced in sporangia
multicellular gametangia
Apical Meristems

Question 8

a protective and waxy or hard layer covering the epidermis of a plant, invertebrate, or shell.

Answer 8

Cuticle

Question 9

Plants alternate between ___________-

Answer 9

Two multicellular stages (haploid and diploid)

Question 10

a pattern of reproduction occurring in the life cycles of many lower plants and some invertebrates, involving a regular alternation between two distinct forms.

Answer 10

alternation of generations

Question 11

A _______ germinates (either male or female), grows vegetatively, and forms the gametophyte.

Answer 11

Haploid (n) spore

Question 12

The gametophyte is ______ and produces ____ gametes by _____.

Answer 12

Haploid
Haploid
Mitosis

Question 13

In lower plants, Gametes are formed in the _________ (two types, girl and boy)

Answer 13

Gametangia

Question 14

In lower Plants, Male gametophyte (n): produces the _______

Answer 14

Antheridium

it creates the male gamete and is produced by mitosis)

Question 15

in lower Plants, Female: formed in the ____________

Answer 15

Archegonium

it creates the female gamete

Question 16

_________ happens when the spem swims to the egg, fuses with the egg and the two nuclei fuse.

Answer 16

Fertilization

Question 17

After the egg and the sperm fuse together and the two nuclei fuse, a ____ _____ (2n) is made

Answer 17

Diploid zygote (2n)

Question 18

The Zygote produces an ______

Answer 18

Embryo

Question 19

The Embryo grows to produce a ______

Answer 19

Sporophyte

Question 20

Sporophyte gives rise to the ____

Answer 20

Sporangia

Question 21

Within the Sporangia, _____ are produced

Answer 21

Sporogoia are produced

Question 22

Sporogoia are also called

Answer 22

Spore mother cells

Question 23

One Sporogonia produces _# spores by ____.

Answer 23

4# Spores by Meiosis

Question 24

Spore walls contain __________ which makes them resistant to harsh environments.

Answer 24

Sporopollenin

Question 25

Fossil evidence indicates that plants were on lad at least

Answer 25

475 million years ago

Question 26

``` The kingdom plantae has 4 divisions (mosses) (ferns) (Conifers) (Flowering plants) ```

Answer 26

``` Bryophyte (mosses) Pterophytes (ferns) Gymnosperm (Conifers) and Angiosperm (Flowering plants) ```

Question 27

Land plants can be informally grouped based on the presence or absence of _____ ____.

Answer 27

vascular tissue (tubes that can transport water, salts, sugars and organic molecules)

Question 28

a. Higher plants have ______ | b. Nonvascular plants are commonly called ______

Answer 28

a. vascular plants | b. Bryohytes

Question 29

Bryophytes: (mosses) | ___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo

Answer 29

No, No, No

Question 30

Lycophytes (club mosses and their relatives).

Answer 30

the most important group are the Bryophytes.

Question 31

Pterophytes: (ferns and their relatives) | ___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo

Answer 31

Yes, No, No

Question 32

Gymnosperm (the “naked seed” plants, including the conifers) | ___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo

Answer 32

Yes, Yes, No

Question 33

Angiosperms: the flowering plants | ___ Vasculature, ___ real seeds, ___ reserves for embryo (fruit)

Answer 33

Yes, Yes, Yes

Question 34

______ means fertilized seed; advanced plant

Answer 34

sperm

Question 35

Bryophytes are represented today by three phyla of small herbaceous (nonwoody) plants: 1) Liverworts, 2) Hornworts, 3) Mosses,

Answer 35

phylum Hepatophyta phylum Anthocerophyta phylum Bryophyta

Question 36

In all three bryophyte phyla, gametophytes (haploid) are ______ and _____-living than sporophytes (diploid)

Answer 36

Larger and longer-living

Question 37

Gametophytes produce: Flagellated sperm in ______ An egg in each _______

Answer 37

antheridia (the male sex organ of algae, mosses, ferns, fungi, and other nonflowering plants.) archegonium (the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.)

Question 38

Bryophyte sporophytes grow out of ______

Answer 38

archegonia (the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.)

Question 39

_____ are capable of inhabiting diverse and sometimes extreme environments. Some mosses might help retain _____________

Answer 39

Mosses | nitrogen in the soil

Question 40

______ and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall

Answer 40

Ferns

Question 41

Sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the _________________

Answer 41

dominant generation

Question 42

The __________ are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface

Answer 42

gametophytes

Question 43

Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue: _______ _______

Answer 43

xylem and phloem

Question 44

______ conducts most of the water and minerals | a) Includes dead cells called tracheids

Answer 44

Xylem

Question 45

______ consists of living cells | a) Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic molecules

Answer 45

Phloem

Question 46

Leaves are categorized by two types: ______leaves with a single vein ______leaves with a highly branched vascular system

Answer 46

Microphylls | Megaphylls

Question 47

There are two phyla of seedless vascular plants: a. Phylum _______ includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts b. Phylum _______ includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives

Answer 47

Lycophyta | Pterophyta