4.2 Speciation U4

Question 1

What is speciation?

Answer 1

the formation of a new & distinct species
via evolution
separates & develops unique characteristics

Question 2

What are the types of species concepts?

Answer 2

Biological
Morphological
Recognition
Cohesion
Ecological
Evolution
Pluralistic

Question 3

What is Biological Species Concept?

Answer 3

Reproductive Isolation
not necessarily easy to apply

Question 4

hat is Morphological Species Concept?

Answer 4

Phenotypic Differences(fossil species)

Question 5

What is Recognition Species Concept?

Answer 5

Mating recognition

Question 6

What is Cohesion Species Concept?

Answer 6

Persistence of discrete phenotypes

Question 7

What is Ecological Species Concept?

Answer 7

Filling of ecological niches
Competition for resources

Question 8

What is Evolution Species Concept?

Answer 8

Evolutionary lineages

Question 9

What is Pluralistic Species Concept?

Answer 9

Combinations of the others as appropriate

Question 10

What are the types of selection on polygenic traits?

Answer 10

Normal
Stabilizing
Directional
Disruptive

Question 11

What Normal distribution on polygenic traits?

Answer 11

Bell shaped trend

Question 12

What is Stabilizing Selection on polygenic traits?

Answer 12

removes extreme variations
narrows width of distribution

Question 13

What is Directional Selection on polygenic traits?

Answer 13

favors one extreme
shifts right or left

Question 14

What is Disruptive Selection on polygenic traits?

Answer 14

favors both extremes
creates a bimodal distribution

Question 15

What is allopatric speciation?

Answer 15

Gene flow is interrupted due to geographical isolation

Question 16

What is sympatric speciation?

Answer 16

Speciation that occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area

Question 17

Isolating Mechanisms- Pre Zygotic?

Answer 17

Temporal
Ecological
Behavioural
Mechanical
Geographic Isolation

Question 18

Isolating Mechanisms- Post Zygotic?

Answer 18

Hybrid Inviability
Hybrid Infertility
Hybrid Breakdown

Question 19

Isolating Mechanisms- Pre Zygotic: Temporal? ex

Answer 19

Occurs when two species mate at different times of year
Frogs live in same pond but breed during different seasons

Question 20

Isolating Mechanisms- Pre Zygotic: Ecological? ex

Answer 20

Occurs when two species occupy different habitats
Lions and tigers can interbreed, but occupy different habitats

Question 21

Isolating Mechanisms- Pre Zygotic: Behavioral? ex

Answer 21

Occurs when two species have different courtship behaviours
Certain groups of birds will only respond to species-specific mating call

Question 22

Isolating Mechanisms- Pre Zygotic: Mechanical? ex

Answer 22

Occurs when physical differences prevent copulation/pollination
Certain breeds of dog are morphologically incapable of mating due to size

Question 23

Isolating Mechanisms- Pre Zygotic: Geographic Isolation? ex

Answer 23

Seperated by physical barriers
Kaibab Squirrel and Abert Squirrel live on diff sides of the grand canyon

Question 24

Isolating Mechanisms- Post Zygotic: Hybrid Inviability? ex

Answer 24

Hybrids are produced but fail to develop to reproductive maturity
Certain types of frogs form hybrid tadpoles that die before they can become a frog

Question 25

Isolating Mechanisms- Post Zygotic: Hybrid Infertility? ex

Answer 25

Hybrids fail to produce functional gametes(sterility) Mules are sterile hybrids resulting from mating between a horse and a donkey

Question 26

Isolating Mechanisms- Post Zygotic: Hybrid Breakdown? ex

Answer 26

F1 hybrids are fertile, but F2 generation fails to develop properly The offspring of hybrid copepods have less potential for survival or reproduction

Question 27

What is macroevolution?

Answer 27

Large-scale transformation in a taxonomic group, including the evolution of new species

Question 28

What is Microevolution?

Answer 28

Only deals with allele frequencies changing within a specific population

Question 29

What does extinction influence?

Answer 29

Can influence speciation and other evolutionary patterns

Question 30

What is Mass Extinction?

Answer 30

Many species become extinct in a short time period

Question 31

What is adaptive radiation?

Answer 31

Single ancestral species diverges into several different forms adapted to slightly different environments

Question 32

What is the tempo of evolution? ex

Answer 32

Rate of evolution is variable

Question 33

What is Gradualism?

Answer 33

slow and steady

Question 34

What is Punctuated Equilibrium?

Answer 34

Periods of equilibrium disrupted by periods of rapid change

Question 35

What is coevolution?

Answer 35

Evolution of at least two species in a mutually dependent manner