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Ogy > 6.5 Circulatory, Respiratory, & Lympatic Systems > Flashcards

6.5 Circulatory, Respiratory, & Lympatic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

The human cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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2
Q

What does the heart and blood vessels do in the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart pumps blood
Blood vessels allow blood to circulate throughout the body

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3
Q

What circulates throughout the cardiovascular system?

A

Nutrients from digested food
Oxygen from lungs
Metabolic wastes (e.g. CO2)
Hormones (chemical signals from endocrine system)

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4
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Located in the thoracic cavity in between the lungs and is made up of cardiac muscle

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5
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

Left and right atrium
Left and right ventricle

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6
Q

What do the left and right atrium do?

A

receive blood

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7
Q

What do the left and right ventricle do?

A

pump blood out

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8
Q

Explain the right atrium?

A

receives blood from the body; high in CO2 and low in O2

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9
Q

Explain the Left Atrium?

A

receives blood from the lungs; high in O2 low in CO2

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10
Q

Explain the right ventricle?

A

receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated

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11
Q

Explain the left ventricle?

A

receives blood from left atrium and pumps to all parts of the body

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12
Q

What muscle makes up the heart?

A

cardiac muscle

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13
Q

What are the three heart walls?

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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14
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

Outermost layer of the heart

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15
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Middle layer, consists primarily of cardiac muscle

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16
Q

WHat is the endocardium?

A

Inner layer of the heart

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17
Q

What are valves and what do they doo?

A

Valves are flaps of connective tissue between the atria and ventricles
Moves blood through the heart in one direction
Close to prevent backflow

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18
Q

What are the 4 valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves
Semilunar valves

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19
Q

What do the atrioventricular valves do?

A

Between the atria and ventricles

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20
Q

What do the semilunar valves do?

A

Between ventricle and artery

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21
Q

What is the bicuspid valve between?

A

Left atrium->bicuspid valve->left ventricle

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22
Q

What is the tricupsid valve between?

A

Right atrium->tricuspid valve->right ventricle

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23
Q

What is the pulmonary semilunar valve between?

A

Right ventricle->pulmonary semilunar valve-> pulmonary artery

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24
Q

What is the aortic valve between?

A

Left ventricle->aortic valve->aorta

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25
Q

What does blood circulate through?

A

Blood circulates through the body through a network of blood vessels

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26
Q

What are the three blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

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27
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Arteries (often) carry blood rich in oxygen and nutrients away from the heart to the cells of the body

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28
Q

Why are arteries thicker, more muscular, and elastic?

A

Arteries face high levels of blood pressure as they carry blood being pushed from the heart under great force.

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29
Q

What are the three layers of?

A

Epithelial: Innermost layer (called endothelium)
Smooth muscle: Surrounds the endothelium
Connective tissue: protective layer that surrounds the smooth muscle

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30
Q

What do veins do?

A

Veins carry oxygen poor blood back to the heart; this blood contains waste materials

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31
Q

Whaare are veins located?

A

Veins are located further away from the heart pump

32
Q

Why are veins thinner, less elastic, and less muscular then arteries?

A

and exposed to low pressures
Veins do not receive the pulsing pressure that arteries do since other vessels absorb most of the forces from contractions (arteries)

33
Q

Why do some veins have valves?

A

To facilitate the movement of blood back to the heart, some veins have valves
These valves prevent blood from flowing away from the heart

34
Q

What are the capillaries, what do they do?

A

Smallest and thinnest of the blood vessels in the body & the most common
Connect arteries and veins together!
Found running throughout almost every tissue of the body

Capillaries carry blood close to the cells of the tissues of the body in order to exchange gases, nutrients, and waste products.

35
Q

What are the goals of circulation of blood?

A

Send oxygen poor blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen
Pump oxygen rich blood from the heart to the body cells

36
Q

What are the 2 primary circulation paathways?

A

Pulmonary circulation
From heart to lungs
Systemic circulation
Heart to body

37
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation? What is the pathway?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart to enter systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation pathway
Deoxygenated blood travels from
Body->inferior & superior vena cava->right atrium->tricuspid valve->right ventricle->pulmonary semilunar valve->pulmonary artery->lungs
It is at the lungs where gas exchange occurs!

38
Q

What is the systemic circulaation?

A

Transports oxygenated blood between the heart and the rest of the body

39
Q

What is the systemic circulation pathway?

A

Oxygenated blood travels from the lungs
Lungs->pulmonary veins->left atrium->bicuspid valve->left ventricle->aortic valve->aorta->body

40
Q

What is the transport tissue in the body?

A

Blood is the transport tissue in the body
About 5-6 L are in the human body
pH between 7.35-7.45

41
Q

What is the composition of blood(4)?

A

Blood plasma
Erythrocytes
White Blood Cells (leukocytes):
Platelets

42
Q

About 55% of blood is _______? 45% of blood is? Less than 1% is _____?

A

Plasma, Red blood cells, White blood cells and platelets

43
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

Plasma = 90 percent Water + 10 percent Solutes
Solutes = nutrients, wastes, salts, proteins, hormones, respiratory gases

44
Q

What are the three principal types of cells in the human body?

A

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)
White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
Platelets

45
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Cells that carry oxygen via iron containing protein hemoglobin
Hemoglobin also gives blood its color!

46
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Defends the body against pathogens

47
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Play an important role in the clotting of blood

48
Q

What are the two types of leukocytes?

A

Agranular and Granular

49
Q

What are the two cells in agranular?

A

Lymphocytes - produce t cells
Monocytes - macrophages(eat pathogens)

50
Q

What are the main structures of the Respiratory System?

A

Upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract

51
Q

What are the parts of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nose & mouth
Pharynx
Larynx

52
Q

What are the parts of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli

53
Q

What is the path of air?

A
  1. Air enters respiratory system through the nose and mouth.
  2. Nose hairs and the mouth
  3. Air passes through a muscular tube in the upper throat called the pharynx, which serves as a passageway for air and food.
  4. Air passes through larynx, or voice box located in the neck.
  5. Air passes into the trachea, a long, straight tube in the chest cavity.
  6. The trachea divides into smaller tubes called bronchi, which lead to the lungs.
    Bronchi further divide into smaller branches called bronchioles.
  7. Gases are then exchanged in cluster of air sacs called alveoli, which are located at the end of bronchioles.
54
Q

What do nose hairs do?

A

Filters dust and debris via hairs, cilia, and mucus

55
Q

What do tissues that line the nasal cavity do?

A

Via tissues that line the nasal cavity moisten and warm the air.

56
Q

What is the larynx

A

The larynx contains vocal cords that vibrate (producing sound) as air travels through.

57
Q

How does the trachea divide? Further?

A

divides into smaller tubes called bronchi,Bronchi further divide into smaller branches called bronchioles.

58
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

Gases are then exchanged in cluster of air sacs called alveoli, which are located at the end of bronchioles.

59
Q

What are lungs?

A

Lungs are paired organs suspended in the chest cavity, bounded on the sides by the ribs and on the bottom by the diaphragm.

60
Q

What is the diaphram?

A

Diaphragm is a powerful muscle spanning the rib cage under the lungs, and aids in respiration.

61
Q

What are the two membranes of the lungs?

A

Outer membrane is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity.
Inner membrane lines the surface of the lungs.

62
Q

What is between the lungs membranes?

A

Between both membranes is a small spaced filled with fluid.

63
Q

what are the 4 steps of oxygen transport?

A

Oxygen from outside air reaches lungs.
Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries and binds to hemoglobin.
Protein found on RBC that carries most of the oxygen.
Oxygen-rich blood travels to heart and pumped to tissues of the body.
Oxygen diffuses into the cells for use during aerobic respiration.

64
Q

what are the 4 steps of carbon dioxide transport?

A

In tissues, high CO2 levels causes hemoglobin to change shape. CO2 diffuses from cells to blood.
Most CO2 travels to heart as bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions.
Heart pumps blood back to lungs and CO2 is released to the alveoli.
CO2 is expelled.
CO2 is carried by blood in three forms:
~7 percent is dissolved in blood plasma.
~23 percent is attached to hemoglobin.
~70 percent is carried as bicarbonate ions.

65
Q

Why does breathing occur?

A

Breathing occurs because of air pressure differences between lungs and atmosphere.

66
Q

What five things happen during inhilation?

A

rib muscles contract.
The rib cage moves up and out.
Diaphragm contracts, moving downwards.
Volume of chest increases, which reduces air pressure.
The air pressure difference forces air to move from high pressure to low pressure.

67
Q

What 3 things happen during exhalation?

A

Rib cage and diaphragm muscles relax.
Volume decreases in the chest cavity and increases air pressure in the lungs.
Because air pressure is higher in lungs than in the atmosphere, air is forced out from high pressure to low pressure area.

68
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Due to osmotic pressure, blood plasma remains in capillaries. However, some fluids can be forced out in the surrounding area due to pressure from whenever the heart pumps.
The lymphatic system collects and recycles fluid leaked from the cardiovascular system (lymphatic fluid) back to blood.

69
Q

What is lyphatic fluid?

A

Excess water and molecules (electrolytes, proteins, fats, etc)
Transports potentially harmful substances (pathogens, debris, cancer cells, etc) to lymph nodes to potentially initiate an immune response.

70
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Spleen
Tonsils
Intestinal lymphoid tissue

71
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Concentrated in the armpits, neck, and groin which contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) and filter substances from lymphatic fluid.

72
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

Transports lymph to the heart

73
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

controls the level of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets

74
Q

What do the tonsils do?

A

take a snapshot of food to look for pathogens

75
Q

What does the intestinal lymphoid tissue do?

A

scans food for decreased amount of pathogens

Ogy (20 decks)

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