Chapter 7

Question 1

Learning that certain events occur together

Answer 1

Associative learning

Question 2

Any event or situation that evokes a response

Answer 2

Stimulus

Question 3

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Answer 3

Cognitive learning

Question 4

A type of learning in which one learns to link to her more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 4

Classical conditioning

Question 5

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Answer 5

Behaviorism

Question 6

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Answer 6

Neutral stimulus

Question 7

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Unconditioned response

Question 8

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response

Answer 8

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned, stimulus

Answer 9

Conditioned response

Question 10

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with a unconditioned stimulus, it comes to trigger a conditioned response

Answer 10

Conditioned stimulus

Question 11

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Answer 11

Acquisition

Question 12

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus and one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second often weaker conditioned stimulus

Answer 12

Higher order conditioning

Question 13

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus doesn’t follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning and when a response is no longer reinforced

Answer 13

Extinction

Question 14

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 14

Spontaneous recovery

Question 15

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli to elicit similar responses

Answer 15

Generalization

Question 16

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned response and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 16

Discrimination

Question 17

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information and behaviors

Answer 17

Learning

Question 18

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Answer 18

Operant conditioning

Question 19

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Answer 19

Law of effect

Question 20

In operant conditioning research, the chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Answer 20

Operant chamber

Question 21

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Answer 21

Reinforcement

Question 22

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Answer 22

Shaping

Question 23

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcer. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 23

Positive reinforcement

Question 24

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. Any stimulus that, when removed after response, strengthens the response. Not a punishment

Answer 24

Negative reinforcement

Question 25

And an innate reinforcing stimulus, such as on that satisfies a biological need

Answer 25

Primary reinforcer

Question 26

A stimulus that games it’s reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

Answer 26

Conditioned reinforcer

Question 27

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Answer 27

Reinforcement schedule

Question 28

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Answer 28

Continuous reinforcement

Question 29

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Question 30

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Answer 30

Fixed ratio schedule

Question 31

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 31

Variable ratio schedule

Question 32

In operant conditioning and, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Answer 32

Fixed interval schedule

Question 33

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Answer 33

Variable interval schedule

Question 34

An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Answer 34

Punishment

Question 35

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Answer 35

Respondent

Question 36

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Answer 36

Operant behavior

Question 37

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Answer 37

Cognitive map

Question 38

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 38

Latent learning

Question 39

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 39

Intrinsic motivation

Question 40

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 40

Extrinsic motivation

Question 41

Learning by observing others

Answer 41

Observational learning

Question 42

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Answer 42

Modeling

Question 43

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing others doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation and empathy

Answer 43

Mirror neurons

Question 44

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior

Answer 44

Prosocial behavior

Question 45

Skinner’s flaws

Answer 45

Didn’t account for biology or thinking (personal freedom)

Question 46

Telling the difference between two similar stimuli (BALD)

Answer 46

Discrimination

Question 47

Delayed reinforcer

Answer 47

Creates long lasting behavior. More successful if you wait

Question 48

Skinner

Answer 48

We are controlled by our external experiences

Question 49

Pavlov’s flaws

Answer 49

Only 1 pairing is needed. Didn’t account for biological predisposition

Question 50

Bandura

Answer 50

Bobo doll. Observational learning

Question 51

Garcia

Answer 51

Classical conditioning. Instinctive drift- biological predispositions

Question 52

Watson

Answer 52

Human emotions, and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are a bundle of conditioned responses

Question 53

Pavlov

Answer 53

Classical conditioning. Dog with food stimulus and salivation

Question 54

Thorndike

Answer 54

Law of effect.

Question 55

Watson/ Rayner

Answer 55

Classical conditioning. Taught little Albert fear