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Psych > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

Perception

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2
Q

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain integration of sensory information

A

Bottom up processing

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3
Q

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

A

Top-down processing

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4
Q

Conversion of one form of energy to another. In sensation, the transforming of simulates energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret

A

Transduction

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5
Q

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

A

Psychophysics

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6
Q

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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7
Q

Siri predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation.

A

Signal detection theory

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8
Q

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

Subliminal

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9
Q

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, best predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

A

Priming

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10
Q

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

A

Difference threshold

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11
Q

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

A

Weber’s law

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12
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

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13
Q

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

A

Perceptual set

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14
Q

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

A

Sensation

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15
Q

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to that of the next.

A

Wavelength

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16
Q

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

A

Hue

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17
Q

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness, determined by the waves amplitude

A

Intensity

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18
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

Pupil

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19
Q

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

Iris

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20
Q

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

Lens

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21
Q

The light- sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

A

Retina

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22
Q

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the Retina

A

Accommodation

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23
Q

Retinal receptors that tact black, white, and gray necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond

A

Rods

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24
Q

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well lit conditions

A

Cones

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25
Q

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

Optic nerve

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26
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves that I because no receptor cells are located there

A

Blind spot

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27
Q

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster

A

Fovea

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28
Q

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as sheep angle or movement

A

Feature detectors

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29
Q

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains neural mode of information processing for many functions including vision

A

Parallel processing

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30
Q

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors

A

Young- helmholtz trichromatic theory

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31
Q

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision

A

Opponent process theory

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32
Q

An organized whole

A

Gesalt

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33
Q

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

A

Figure ground

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34
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

Grouping

35
Q

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional

A

Depth perception

36
Q

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

A

Visual cliff

37
Q

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes

A

Binocular cues

38
Q

Hey binocular queue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retina is in the two eyes, the brain computes distance

A

Retinal disparity

39
Q

Depth cues such as interposition and linear perspective available to either Eye alone

A

Monocular cues

40
Q

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

A

Phi phenomenon

41
Q

Perceiving for Milyer objects is having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

Perceptual consistency

42
Q

The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

A

Perceptual adaption

43
Q

The sense or act of hearing

A

Audition

44
Q

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

Frequency

45
Q

A tones experienced highness or lowness

A

Pitch

46
Q

The chamber between the eardrum and Cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

A

Middle ear

47
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear; soundwaves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

48
Q

The innermost part of the year, containing the cochlea, semicircular Canal’s, and vestibular sacs

A

Inner ear

49
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve

A

Sensorineural hearing loss/nerve deafness

50
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts soundwaves to the cochlea

A

Conduction hearing loss

51
Q

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

A

Cochlear implant

52
Q

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we here with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

A

Place theory

53
Q

And hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, that’s enabling us to sense it’s pitch

A

Frequency theory

54
Q

The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

A

Gate- control theory

55
Q

The principle that one sense may influence another

A

Sensory interaction

56
Q

In psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements

A

Embodied cognition

57
Q

The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesis

58
Q

Three steps sensory systems

A

Receive, transform, deliver

59
Q

Constant quivering

A

Eyes control for sensory adaptation

60
Q

Psychokinesis

A

Being able to move things with your mind

61
Q

Blind spot location

A

Optic nerve leaves the eye

62
Q

Thalamus

A

Opponent processing cells found here

63
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Recognizing faces; taste

64
Q

Locke

A

Blank slate= tabula rafa

Nurture

65
Q

Kant

A

We’re born with our gifts and talents.

Nature

66
Q

Loudness of sounds

A

Determined by amplitude

67
Q

Auditory nerve to

A

Thalamus

68
Q

Four sensations for the sense of touch

A

Pressure, warm, cold, pain

69
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptors; spicy

70
Q

Release of endorphins

A

Reduces pain

71
Q

Synaesthesia

A

When one sense triggers another unrelated

72
Q

Olfaction

A

Smell

73
Q

Taste bud lobe

A

Temporal

74
Q

Proximity

A

Grouping nearby figures together

75
Q

Continuity

A

See things in a simple form

76
Q

Closure

A

Unconsciously filling in incomplete sequences or shapes

77
Q

Relative heights

A

When an object is higher, it is perceived as further away

78
Q

Linear perspective

A

When parallel lines seem to meet in the distance

79
Q

Interposition

A

The way objects are placed and block each other determine how we perceive them

80
Q

Stroboscopic movement

A

A rapid series of motionless images place in different locations are flash as the brain perceives these as moving

81
Q

Volley principle

A

Alternate firing.

Very high pitch

82
Q

Middle ear

A

Bone conduction

83
Q

Bones of the middle ear

A

Hammer anvil stirrup

84
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Ripples in this bend the hair cells and trigger impulses

Psych (13 decks)

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