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Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Respiratory System

A 
Olfaction
Filtration, warming and humidification of inspired air
produce sound for vocalization
responsible for gas exchange
helps regulate blood pH
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2
Q

Divisions of Respiratory System

A

Functional

Structural

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3
Q

Functional Respiratory System

A

Conducting portion

Respiratory portion

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4
Q

transports air into and out of lungs

A

Conducting portion

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5
Q

Parts of conducting portion

A 
nose
pharynx
 larynx
 trachea
 bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
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6
Q

Parts of respiratory portion

A 
Acinus:
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sac
alveoli
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7
Q

Structural Respiratory System

A

Upper Respiratory Tract

Lower Respiratory Tract

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8
Q

Parts of Upper Respiratory Tract

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx

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9
Q

an external structure that protrudes from the face and supported by nasal bones and cartilage

A

Nose

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10
Q

stiff hairs within the nostrils at the anterior nares

filter impurities

A

vibrissae

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11
Q

humidifies the air before conducted into the lower respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity

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12
Q

a funel tube, about 13 cm long, that starts from the internal nares and extends to the level of cricoid cartilage

A

pharynx

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13
Q

superior portion that lies posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the plane of the soft palate

lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium where the cilia are sweeping downward

A

nasopharynx

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14
Q

the intermediate portion of the pharynx that lies posteriorly to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate inferiorly to the level of hyoid bone

A

oropharynx

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15
Q

inferior portion of the pharynx that begins at the level of hyoid bone and opens to the esophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly

aka hypopharynx

A

laryngopharynx

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16
Q

a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea

aka voice box

A

larynx

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17
Q

consists of 2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form the anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular shape

A

thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)

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18
Q

the ligament that connects the thyroid cartilage, covered with epithelium that closes the larynx upon swallowing

A

epiglottis

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19
Q

a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx

serves as landmark for making emergency airway (tracheostomy)
attached to the thyroid cartilage by the cricothyroid ligament
attached to 1st cartilage of trachea by cricotrachel ligament

A

cricoid cartilage

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20
Q

parts of Lower Respiratory Tract

A 
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary and tertiary bronchi
terminal bronchioles
acinus
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21
Q

16-20 c-shaped cartilages

a tubular passageway for air that is about 12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter
located anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the superior border of the T5 where it bifurcates into R and L bronchi

most sensitive part that has coughing reflexes

mucosa is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

A

trachea

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22
Q

function of trachea

A

maintain patency of airway

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23
Q

a cartilaginous ridge between the two bronchi and the point where the trachea bifurcates into R and L primary bronchi

A

Carina

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24
Q

serves as a passageway of air to the right and left lung

A

primary bronchi

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25
Q

mucosa of primary bronchi

A

lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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26
Q

subdivisions of the main bronchi and spread in an inverted tree-like formation

A

Secondary and tertiary bronchi

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27
Q

lined with simple ciliated columnar epithelium with some goblet cells

A

larger bronchioles

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28
Q

lined with simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium with no goblet cells

A

smaller bronchioles

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29
Q

the last airway of the conducting system

A

terminal bronchioles

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30
Q

composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sac and alveoli

A

acinus or alveoli

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31
Q

branch from the respiratory bronchioles

A

alveolar ducts

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32
Q

arises from the ducts, contain clusters of alveoli

A

alveolar sac

33
Q

basic unit of gas exchange

A

alveoli

34
Q

2 types of cells in alveoli

A

Type I Pneumocyte

Type II Pneumocyte

35
Q

predominant

simple squamous epithelial cells that form a nearly continuous lining of alveolar wall

A

Type I Pneumocyte

36
Q

fewer in number
rounded or cuboidal epithelial cells where free surfaces contain microvilli and secretes alveolar fluid that keep the alveolar walls moist

A

Type II Pneumocyte

37
Q

a mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of the alveolar fluid thereby reducing the tendency of the alveoli to collapse

A

surfactant

38
Q

paired cone-shaped organs that are essential for breathing

are elastic connective tissues, called stroma and are soft and spongy

A

lungs

39
Q

parts of lungs

A

apex
base
hilus

40
Q

a pointed portion that lies below the clavicles

superior

A

apex

41
Q

inferior portion that rests on the diaphragm

A

base

42
Q

a slit on the mediastinal surface of each lung where blood vessels of the pulmonary and circulatory systems enter and exit the lungs

A

hilus

43
Q

lobes of the lungs

A

right lung

left lung

44
Q

consists of 3 lobes (superior, intermediate, inferior) and have 10 bronchopulmonary segements

A

Right lung

45
Q

much smaller than right and consists of 2 lobes (superior, inferior) and have 2 bronchopulmonary segments

A

Left lung

46
Q

a doubled-layer membrane that covers the lungs and the inside of the thoracic cavities

A

pleura

47
Q

outer serous membrane that lines the thoracic wall and mediastinum

contains pain receptors

A

parietal pleura

48
Q

inner serous membrane that covers the external surface of the lung

no pain receptors

A

visceral pleura

49
Q

Defenses of the Respiratory system

A

Mucocillary transport
alveolar clearance
reflexes of the airways

50
Q

escalator system

provides a major defense of the respiratory tract that includes goblet cells, mucus and ciliated epithelial cells

A

mucocillary transport

51
Q

macrophage activity is the principal alveolar defense against particles and it includes mucocillary transport, blood flow/vessels and lyphatic vessels

A

alveolar clearance

52
Q

includes sneezing, coughing, gagging and bronchospasm/bronchonstriction reflex

A

reflexes o the airways

53
Q

Muscles of Breathing

A

Quiet Breathing

Forced breathing

54
Q

Quiet breathing muscles

A

diaphragm muscle

external intercostal muscle

55
Q

dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity

A

diaphragm muscle

56
Q

superficial muscle between the ribs that pulls the ribs upward and outward

A

external intercostal muscle

57
Q

forced breathing muscles

A 
Inspiration:
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Pectoral
Trapezius

Expiration:
Internal Intercostal
Abdominal muscles

58
Q

sides of the neck

raises sternum

A

sternocleidomastoid

59
Q

in the neck

elevates, fix and expand the upper chest

A

scalene

60
Q

upper chest

raises the chest to increase the A-P diameter

A

pectoral

61
Q

upper back

raises the back upon forced inspiration

A

trapezius

62
Q

deep muscles between the ribs

shortens the chest transverse diameter

A

internal intercostal

63
Q

pulls down the lower chest

depressing the lower ribs

A

abdominal muscles

64
Q

Involuntary Components

A

Chemoreceptors
Lung Stretch Receptors
Impulses from Other Sources

65
Q

monitors level of carbon dioxide, oxygen and the pH of blood

A

Chemoreceptors

66
Q

Hering-Breuer Reflex

monitor patterns of breathing and prevent overexpansion of lung tissues

A

Lung Stretch Receptors

67
Q

e.g. frigtened, angry

autonomic nervous system

A

Impulses from other sources

68
Q

integrates breathing with acts such as talking, speaking, singing

A

voluntary component

69
Q

process of gas exchange in the body

A

respiration

70
Q

exchange of gases between air spaces (alveoli) of the lungs and the blood in the and pulmonary capillaries

A

External Respiration

71
Q

exchange of gases between blood and systemic capillaries and tissue cells

A

Internal Respiration

72
Q

2 types of respiration

A

External and Internal respiration

73
Q

mechanical flow of air into and out of lungs

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

74
Q

passage of blood through lung tissue

A

Pulmonary Perfusion

75
Q

ratio of ventilation to perfusion that expresses the effectiveness of gas exchange

A

V/Q ratio

76
Q

normal V/Q ratio

A

4L/min air

5L/min blood

77
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

760 mmHg

78
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

A

Aortic bodies

Carotid bodies

Anatomy (19 decks)

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