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Anatomy > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Digestive System

A 
Take in Food
Breakdown food
absorb digested molecules
provide nutrients
Eliminate waste
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2
Q

Two Main Divisions/Groups

A

Digestive/Gastrointestinal Tract/ Alimentary Canal

Accessory Digestive Organs

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3
Q

Alimentary Canal

A 
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestive
anus
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4
Q

Accessory Organs

A 
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
gallbladder
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5
Q

Basic Tissue layers/tunics of GIT

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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6
Q

innermost tunic

A

mucosa

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7
Q

3 layers of mucosa

A

mucous epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

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8
Q

thick layer of loose connective tissue;nerves, blood vessels

A

submucosa

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9
Q

contains nerve plexus and submucosa plexus = enteric plexus

control movement and secretion of the tract

A

Muscularis

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10
Q

outermost layer

composed of peritoneum, underlying connective tissue

A

serosa

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11
Q

a double sac serous membrane that covers the wall of the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs

A

peritoneum

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12
Q

covers the organ

A

visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

A

parietal peritoneum

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14
Q

connective tissues that are held in place many organs of the abdominal cavity

nerve and blood vessels enter peritoneal cavity

A

mesenteries

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15
Q

Organs of Alimentary Canal

A 
Mouth/ Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
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16
Q

first part of digestive tract bounded by lips and cheeks

A

mouth

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17
Q

Associated structures of mouth

A 
lips
cheeks
hard palate
soft palate
tongue
teeth
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18
Q

muscular structure that is covered by the skin at the outer surface

A

lips

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19
Q

muscles in lips

A

orbicularis oris

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20
Q

forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity

A

cheeks

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21
Q

muscles in cheeks

A

buccinators

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22
Q

the bony roof of mouth; palatine rugae

A

hard palate

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23
Q

forms the posterior roof of the mouth composed of skeletal and connective tissue

closes nasopharynx when swallowing

A

soft palate

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24
Q

large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral cavity

most powerful organ

aids in articulation

A

tongue

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25
Q

teeth consists of

A

crown
neck
root

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26
Q

parts of teeth

A

enamel
dentin
pulp cavity
cementum

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27
Q

protects tooth from abrasion and acid

A

enamel

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28
Q

living, cellular, bonelike tissue that surrounds the pulp cavity

A

dentin

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29
Q

conains blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue

A

pulp cavity

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30
Q

helps anchor the tooth

A

cementum

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31
Q

each quadrant contains

A 
1 central incisor
1 lateral incisor
1 canine
fist and second premolars
3 molars
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32
Q

function of incisors

A

cutting

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33
Q

function of canine

A

tearing

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34
Q

function of premolars

A

crushing

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35
Q

function of molars

A

grinding

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36
Q

20 teeth that make up the first dentition which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth

A

deciduous teeth

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37
Q

32 teeth that develop as the second dentition, replacing the deciduous teeth

A

premanent teeth

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38
Q

located in the lateral posterior walls of the oral cavity

A

tonsils

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39
Q

produce saliva which is a mixture of serous and mucus fluids

dissolve food chemicals so that they can be tasted

contains lysozymes and antibodies (IgA)

A

salivary glands

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40
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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41
Q

inflammation of parotid glands

A

mumps or parotidis

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42
Q

inflammation of testes

A

orchitis

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43
Q

passageway for both air and food, only the oropharynx and laryngopharynx transmit food

A

pharynx

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44
Q

muscular tube lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
lies anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea
transport food by peristalsis to the stomach

A

esophagus

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45
Q

regulate movement of food into and out of the esophagus

A

esophageal sphincter

upper and lower cardiac sphincters

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46
Q

enlarged segment of the digestive tract in the left superior part of the abdomen
primarily for storage and mixing chamber for digested food
a sac

A

stomach

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47
Q

Parts of stomach

A 
Cardiac region
fundus
body
pyloric opening
pyloric region
pyloric sphincter
muscular layer
rugae
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48
Q

region of the stomach around the cardiac opening

A

cardiac region

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49
Q

most superior part of the stomach

A

fundus

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50
Q

largest part of the stomach

A

body

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51
Q

opening from the stomach to the small intestine

A

pyloric opening

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52
Q

region of the stomach near the pyloric opening

A

pyloric region

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53
Q

thick ring of smooth muscle that guards the pyloric opening

A

pyloric sphincter

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54
Q

composed of outer longitudinal layer, middle circular layer, inner oblique layer

A

muscular layer

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55
Q

submucosa and mucosa that are thrown into large folds when the stomach is empty and allows the stomach to stretch when the stomach is fille

A

rugae

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56
Q

the semi-fluid mixture formed by food that mixes with stomach secretions

A

chyme

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57
Q

regulation of stomach secretions: 3 phases

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

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58
Q

anticipatory and prepares stomach to receive food

sensations of taste, smell of food, stimulation of tactile receptors during chewing/swallowing, pleasant thoughts of food stimulate centers within medulla oblongata

A

cephalic phase

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59
Q

period of greatest gastric secretion

activated by the presence of food in stomach

A

gastric phase

60
Q

inhibit gastric secretions

controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into duodenum

A

intestinal phase

61
Q

major site of digestion and absorption of food
final site of digestion
longest section of alimentary canal

A

small intestine

62
Q

3 parts of small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

63
Q

3 modifications that increase surface area (600 fold) of small intestine

A

circular folds
villi
microvilli

64
Q

formed by mucosa and submucosa

A

circular folds

65
Q

finger-like projections of the mucosa

A

villi

66
Q

cytoplasmic extensions of the cells on the villi and contains blood capillary network and lymphatic capillary (lacteals)

A

microvilli

67
Q

mucosa of liver is simple columnar epithelium with 4 major cell types

A

absorptive cells
goblet cells
granular cells (paneth’s cells)
endocrine cells

68
Q

within microvilli, produce digestive enzymes and absorb digested food

A

absorptive cells

69
Q

produce a protective mucus

A

goblet cells

70
Q

help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria

A

granular cells

71
Q

produce regulatory hormones

A

endocrine cells

72
Q

cluster of lymph nodules which help protect the intestinal tract from harmful microorganisms

A

payer’s patches

73
Q

junction between small intestine and large intestine

A

Ileocecal junction

74
Q

secretions of small intestine

A

peptidases
disaccharidases
mucus
hormones

75
Q

break peptide bonds in CHONS to form amino acid

A

peptidases

76
Q

breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides

A

disaccharidases

77
Q

produced by duodenal glands and by goblet cells

A

mucus

78
Q

stimulate liver and pancreatic secretions

A

hormones

79
Q

parts of large intestine

A

cecum
colon
rectum
anal canal

80
Q

proximal end of large intestine

A

cecum

81
Q

where the small intestine and large intestine meet
sac that extends inferiorly about 6 cm past the ileocecal junction
located in the right lower quadrant newar the iliac fossa

A

Ileocecal junction

82
Q

blind tube about 9 cm long that is attached to the cecum

A

appendix

83
Q

about 1.5 - 1.8 meters long

A

colon

84
Q

parts of colon

A

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon

85
Q

extends superiorly from the cecum to the right colic flexure near the liver where it turns right

A

ascending colon

86
Q

extends from the right colic flexure to the left colic flexure near the spleen where it turns inferiorly

A

transverse colon

87
Q

extends from the left colic flexure to the pelvis where it becomes the sigmoid colon

A

descending colon

88
Q

form an S-shaped tube that extends medially and then inferiorly into the pelvic cavity and ends at the rectum

A

sigmoid colon

89
Q

straight, muscular tube that begins at the termination of the sigmoid colon and ends at the anal canal

A

rectum

90
Q

begins at the inferior end of the rectum and ends at the anus
the last 2-3 cm of digestive tract

A

anal canal

91
Q

anal canal contains

A

internal anal sphincter

external anal sphincter

92
Q

made up of smooth muscle and found at the superior end of the canal

A

internal anal sphincter

93
Q

made of skeletal muscle and found at the inferior end of the canal

A

external anal sphincter

94
Q

introduction of fluid in anal canal and colon

A

enema

95
Q

special lymphatic vessel where fats are absorbed

A

lacteals

96
Q

milky fluid containing fat droplets

A

chyle

97
Q

no IF is produced

A

pernicious anemia

98
Q

IF + Vitamin B12=

A

RBC

99
Q

Muscularis: inner - ________

outer- _______

A

circular

longitudinal

100
Q

Functions of Large Intestine

A

converts chyme into feces by 3 processes:

  1. absorption of water and salts
  2. secretion of mucus
  3. action of microorganisms

stores feces until defecation occurs

101
Q

largest organ of the body
weighs 1.4 kg/ 3 lbs
largest organ according to serface area
doesn’t have capillaries
receives oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
located at RUQ tucked against the inferior of the diaphragm
divided into 2 major lobes: R and L lobe

A

liver

102
Q

2 smaller lobes seen from the inferior view

A

caudate and quadrate

103
Q

Functions of liver

A 
produce bile
storage of nutrients
conversion of nutrients
detoxification of harmful chemicals
synthesis of new molecules
104
Q

a thick, viscid, bitter-tasting fluid secreted by the liver
about 700 ml secreted by liver per day
plays a very important role in diluting and neutralizing stomach acid
emulsifies fats, breaking fat globules into smaller droplets
90% of bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum and carried by blood to the liver

A

bile

105
Q

pH of bile

A

7.6 - 8.6 (basic)

106
Q

the gate through which blood vessels, ducts and nerves enter and exit the liver

A

porta

107
Q

divisions of the liver containing portal triads at its corner

A

lobules

108
Q

portal triads

A

hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
hepatic duct

109
Q

macrophages of the liver
aka stellate reticuloendothelial cells
breakdown of RBC

A

Kupffer cells

110
Q

formed by platelike groups of cell called hepatocytes

A

hepatic cords

111
Q

blood channels which separates hepatic cords from one another

consist of phagocytic cells that help remove foreign particles from the blood

A

hepatic sinusoids

112
Q

brings oxygenated blood to liver

A

hepatic artery

113
Q

carries oxygen-poor blood but rich in absorbed nutrients and other substances from the digestive tract to the liver

A

hepatic portal vein

114
Q

where blood exits from the liver and empties into the IVC

A

hepatic vein

115
Q

small sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores and concentrates bile

A

gall bladder

116
Q

organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues

located retoperitoneal and posterior to the stomach in the inferior part of the LUQ
has a head located near the midline of the body and tail that extends to the left and touches the spleen

A

pancreas

117
Q

endocrine part of pancreas

A

Islet of Langerhans (1%) that produces insulin and glucagon

118
Q

exocrine part of pancreas

A

acini (99%) that produces digestive enzymes

119
Q

join the common bile duct and empty into duodenum

A

pancreatic duct or duct of Wirsung

120
Q

function of pancreas (exocrine)

A

Bicarbonate - neutralizes acidic chyme that enter the duodenum from the stomach

pancreatic enzyme - important for digestion of the major classes of food

121
Q

continue protein digestion started in the stomach

A

proteolytic enzyme (protein-digesting enzyme)

122
Q

continues polysaccharide digestion that began in oral cavity

A

pancreatic amylase

123
Q

continue lipid digestion

A

pancreatic lipase

124
Q

reduce DNA and RNA to their component nucleotides

A

nucleases

125
Q

Hormones secreted by duodenum that control pancreatic secretion

A

secretin

cholecystokinin

126
Q

initiates release of HCO3

A

secretin

127
Q

stimulates pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution

A

cholecystokinin

128
Q

chewing of food by teeth

A

mastication

129
Q

swallowing of food

A

deglutition

130
Q

2 Types of movements in the stomach

A

mixing waves

peristaltic waves

131
Q

weak contractions of the stomach

mix ingested food with stomach secretions to form chyme

A

mixing waves

132
Q

stronger contractions

forced chyme toward and through the pyloric sphincter

A

peristaltic waves

133
Q

movement of food in small intestines

A

peristaltic contraction

segmental contraction

134
Q

cause chyme to move along the small intestine

A

peristaltic contraction

135
Q

function to mix intestinal contents

A

segmental contraction

136
Q

movement in large intestines

A

mass movement

137
Q

large part of the colon undergo several strong contractions every 8-12 hours to propel colon contents a considerable distance toward the anus

A

mass movement

138
Q

accessory duct

A

duct of santorini

139
Q

neutralizes acidic chyme in duodenum

A

NaHCO3 ( pH 7.1 - 8.2)

140
Q

breakdown of food to molecules that are small enough to be absorbed in the circulation

A

digestion

141
Q

Types of Digestion

A

Mechanical

chemical

142
Q

breaks large food particles to smaller ones

A

mechanical digestion

143
Q

breaking of covalent chemical bonds in organic molecules by digestive enzymes

A

chemical digestion

144
Q

examples of chemical digestion

A

CHO - monosaccharides
CHON - amino acids
Fats - fatty acid and glycerol

145
Q

initiated by the distention of the rectal wall

A

defecation reflex

Anatomy (19 decks)

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