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From Flashcardlet > anatomy chapter 9 > Flashcards

anatomy chapter 9 Flashcards

0
Q

What is another name for sensory

A

Afferent neuron

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1
Q

What are the five steps in a nerve pathway

A 
Receptor 
sensory 
central nervous system 
motor 
effector
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2
Q

What is another name for motor

A

Efferent neuron

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3
Q

And effector can be a _____ or _____

A

Muscle or gland

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4
Q

Transmit information in the form of electrochemical changes

A

Neurons

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5
Q

What is another name for neurons

A

Nerve cells

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6
Q

Another name for Electrochemical changes

A

Nerve impulses

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7
Q

What three things compose a neuron

A

Cell body
dendrites
axons

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8
Q

Receive electrochemical messages

A

Dendrites

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9
Q

Extensions that send information and the form of nerve impulses

A

Axons

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10
Q

How many did charts and axons are normally in a neuron

A

Several dendrites

one axon

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11
Q

Nerves are a bundle of what

A

Axons

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12
Q

Nerve tissue includes what kind of multifunctional cells

A

Neuroglial cells

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13
Q

What 3 things do neurological cells do

A 
Provide -physical support 
-insulation 
and 
-nutrients 
for neurons
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14
Q

What are the two groups the nervous system is divided into

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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15
Q

includes the brain and the spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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16
Q

Connect the central nervous system to other body parts

A

Peripheral nervous system

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17
Q

What three general functions does CNS and PNS provide

A

Sensory
integrative and
motor

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18
Q

Sensory receptors monitor what kind of factors such as light and sound intensities and temperature and oxygen levels

A

External environmental factors

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19
Q

They convert environmental information into a nerve impulses which are sent to the central nervous system

A

Sensory receptors

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20
Q

What happens once sensory receptors’ nerve impulses are sent to the central nervous system, the signals then become ______ or brought together

A

Integrated

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21
Q

The integrated sensory receptors create what 3 things

A

Sensations
add to memory
Produce thoughts that translate into perception

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22
Q

What 2 categories are motor functions divided into

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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23
Q

These motor functions can be consciously controlled which control skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system

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24
Q

Control skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nervous system

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25
Q

These motor functions control effectors that ate involuntary such as the heart

A

Autonomic nervous system

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26
Q

Controls the heart

A

Autonomic nervous system

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27
Q

What type of cells outnumber neurons in CNS

A

Neuroglial cells

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28
Q

What 4 types of Neuroglial cells are there

A

Microglial
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Ependymal

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29
Q

Cells are scattered throughout the CNS and phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris

A

Microglial

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30
Q

Provide insulating layers of myelin sheath around axons with the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Oligodendrocytes

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31
Q

Type of lipoprotein

A

Myelin

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32
Q

Provide structural support and help resulate the concentrations of nutrients and ions within the tissue

A

Astrocytes

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33
Q

Cells covers specialized brain parts

A

Ependymal

34
Q

Cells that form myelin sheath around axons in the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Schwann

35
Q

What 3 things does a neuron cell body consist of

A

Granular cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Organelles

36
Q

List 4 types of organelles found in the neuron cell body

A

Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Neurofibrils

37
Q

A network of fine threads that extend into the axon

A

Neurofibrils

38
Q

The main receptive surface of the neuron, they’re short and highly branched

A

Dendrites

39
Q

Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

40
Q

Acts like an insulator

A

Myelin sheath

41
Q

Where are larger axons enclosed

A

Myelin sheath

42
Q

Narrow gaps between Schwann cells

A

Nodes of ranvier

43
Q

Axons with myelin sheaths are called

A

Myelinated

44
Q

Axons without myelin sheath are called

A

Unmyelinated

45
Q

What color do myelinated axons appear

A

White

46
Q

Unmyelinated axons form what within the CNS

A

Gray matter

47
Q

What are the 3 major neuron groups based on structure

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

48
Q

Neurons mainly found in the CNS and have many processes arising from their cell bodies

A

Multipolar

49
Q

Found in the ear, eye, nose and have only two processes(one on each end of the cell body)

A

Bipolar

50
Q

Found in the peripheral body parts and have only one process extending from the cell body

A

Unipolar

51
Q

Neurons are grouped according to their ______

A

Function

52
Q

What are the three types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons

53
Q

Junction between two communicating neurons

A

Synapse

54
Q

A synapse is usually between a ______ and _______ or between a _____ and ______

A

Axon and dendrite

Axon and cell body

55
Q

The neurons at a ________ are NOT in direct contact

A

Synapse

56
Q

The neurons at a synapse are separated by a gap called a

A

Synaptic cleft

57
Q

The process of crossing a the synaptic cleft with a message is called

A

Synaptic transmission

58
Q

Synaptic transmission is a _______ process carried out by _______

A

One way

Neurotransmitters

59
Q

Biochemicals are also called

A

Neurotransmitters

60
Q

There is a greater concentration of what outside the cell

A

Sodium ions

61
Q

There is a greater concentration of what inside the cell

A

Potassium ions

62
Q

________ ions pass through cell membranes more easily

A

Potassium ions

63
Q

Potassium diffuses ______ more rapidly than sodium diffuses ___

A

Out

In

64
Q

The outside of a cell membrane gains what kind of charge

A

Slight positive charge

65
Q

The inside of a cell membrane gains what kind of charge

A

Slight negative charge

66
Q

The difference in the electrical charge between the two regions is called a

A

potential difference

67
Q

In a resting nerve cell the difference is called a

A

Resting potential

68
Q

when a cell membrane resting potential decreases (as the inside become less negative) the membrane is said to be

A

Depolarized

69
Q

When neurons are depolarized sufficiently the membrane reaches a level of

A

Threshold potential

70
Q

Sodium and potassium ion concentrations become what when a never fiber is depolarized

A

It becomes higher

71
Q

If the membrane is being depolarized, the greater the _____ greater the ______

A

Stimulus

Depolarization

72
Q

What is the result when threshold potential is reached

A

Action potential

73
Q

Basis for the nerve impulse

A

Action potential

74
Q

A wave of ______ __________ moves down the axon to the end

A

Action potentials

75
Q

A wave of action potentials moves down the axon to the end makes a what

A

Nerve impulse

76
Q

A nerve impulse traveling along a myelinated axon jumps from node to node on that axon is what type of impulse conduction

A

Salutatory

77
Q

Salutatory on the myelinated is many times _______ than on an unmyelinated axon

A

Faster

78
Q

Nerve impulses follow routes through the nervous system called

A

Nerve pathways

79
Q

The simplest of these pathways include only few neurons is called

A

Reflex arc

80
Q

Reflex arcs make up the structural and functional basis for involuntary actions called

A

Reflexes

81
Q

Reflexes are ______ responses to change within or outside the body

A

Automatic

82
Q

What 3 things does reflexes control

A

Heart rate
Blood pressure
Digestive activities

From Flashcardlet (51 decks)

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