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First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy > Lecture 3: Cytology > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

What types of membranes constantly express and recycle receptors on both their inner and outer surfaces to perform their functions?

A

Cell membrane

Membrane of all organelles

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2
Q

Mitochondrial replication

A
  • Self-replicating
  • Uniparental inheritance, therefore little opportunity for genetic recombination between different lineages, although a single mitochondrion can contain 2–10 copies of its DNA
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3
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Double membrane-enclosed organelle with cristae

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4
Q

Is mitochondria visible under LM in ordinary staining?

A

No

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5
Q

Cristae

A

finger-like projections of the cellular membrane

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6
Q

Three roles of mitochondria?

A
  • ATP production
  • Necrosis
  • Apoptosis initiation
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7
Q

How do mitochondria initiate apoptosis?

A

Release cytochrome C

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8
Q

What is the point of no return for apoptosis?

A

mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization

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9
Q

Are Pancreatic Acinar Cells exocrine or endocrine?

A

exocrine

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10
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

anastomosing network of intercommunicating

channels

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11
Q

What differentiates the RER and the SER

A

RER has polyribosomes

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12
Q

Three functions of the SER

A

Lipid biosynthesis
Detoxification
Sequestration of calcium ions (sequ = temporarily stored)

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13
Q

Four functions of the RER

A

Segregate proteins not destined to the cytoplasm
Glycosylation of glycoproteins
Synthesis of phospholipids
Assembly of multichain proteins

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14
Q

Golgi complex

A

Collection of membrane-bound flattened sacs ‘cisternae’

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15
Q

Purpose of Golgi complex

A

Modifies and ‘packages’ proteins

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16
Q

The Golgi body is best developed in

A

secretory cells

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17
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound dense particles that contain hydrolytic enzymes
Associated with intracellular digestion

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18
Q

What two processes are lysosomes associated with?

A

pinocytosis

phagocytosis

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19
Q

Pinocytosis

A

engulfing small vesicles by invaginations of the cell

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20
Q

Lipofuscin

A
  • Wear and tear pigment

- Degraded material that remains permanently

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21
Q

Proteasomes

A
  • Small enzymatic complexes for intracellular digestion

- Recycles amino acids from endogenous proteins

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22
Q

Intracellular digestion in proteasomes requires a protein known as

A

Ubiquitin

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23
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Contain the enzyme ‘catalase’ which can degrade intracellular hydrogen peroxide (protects the cell)
  • Degrade toxic molecules and some prescription drugs
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24
Q

Cytoskeleton - Three different types of structures

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
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25
Q

What are microfilaments made out of?

A

actin and myosin

26
Q

What are intermediate filaments made out of?

A

keratin

27
Q

What kind of cell is keratin normally found in?

A

epithelial

28
Q

What are and what is the function of microtubules

A

hollow thin tubules that move organelles, vesicles, ribosomes; form the mitotic spindle; maintain shape of avian red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets; part of centrioles, cilia and sperm flagella

29
Q

Myosin

A

thick microfilaments

15 nm in diameter

30
Q

Actin

A

Thin microfilaments

5-7 nm in diameter

31
Q

Size of intermediate filaments

A

range between 6 and 12nm in diameter

32
Q

Five types of intermediate filaments

A
  • Tonofilaments (cytokeratin)
  • Vimentin
  • Desmin
  • Neurofilaments
  • Glial filaments
33
Q

Tonofilaments (cytokeratin) location

A

epithelium

34
Q

Vimentin location

A

mesenchymal cells (Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, vascular, smooth muscle cells)

35
Q

Desmin location

A

muscle

36
Q

Neurofilament location

A

neurons

37
Q

Glial filament location

A

Glial cells (astrocytes)

38
Q

In a fluorescing microscope, microtubules appear what color?

A

light color

39
Q

Lipofuscin

A

brown

40
Q

Lutein

A

yellow

41
Q

Hemosiderin

A

results from the decomposition of red blood cells

42
Q

Why does melanin cover the nucleus?

A

Acts like an umbrella

Protects it from the UV light

43
Q

Adipocyte

A

Cell that forms the adipose tissue

44
Q

Yellow/brown in the myocardium is more likely

A

lipofuscin

45
Q

Yellow/brown in the spleen is most likely

A

hemosiderin

46
Q

What color does hemosiderin stain in Prussian Blue?

A

Black

47
Q

How do you find glycogen in hepatocytes?

A

Stain with best carmine, look under light microscope

48
Q

Microvilli

A
  • very small, absorptive, seen in EM

- Form a brush/striated border when viewed with the light microscope

49
Q

Cilia

A

motile projections, longer but less numerous than microvilli, come from basal bodies (= modified single centrioles)

50
Q

Stereocilia

A

nonmotile projections, absorptive (are considered large microvilli)

51
Q

When looking at an intestinal epithelium using PAS, what color will the goblet cells be?

A

magenta

52
Q

What color are goblet cells when not using PAS?

A

white/clear

53
Q

Cilia are made up of

A

9 microtubules and 2 central single tubules

54
Q

From each outer pair of microtubules, a pair of _____ _____ reach towards the next pair of microtubules

A

dynein arms

55
Q

_____ ______ extend from each outer pair of microtubules towards the inner central tubules

A

radial spokes

56
Q

____ links also join each outer pair of microtubules with the adjacent outer pair.

A

Nexin

57
Q

7 cell shapes

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, spindle, cylindrical, multipolar, round

58
Q

3 nuclear shapes

A

Round, elongated, polymorphonuclear

59
Q

4 nuclear positions

A

Central, eccentric/hypolemmal, apical vs. basal

60
Q

3 surfaces of an epithelial cell

A

Apical (free) surface
Lateral surfaces
Basal surface

First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy (23 decks)

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