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First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy > Lecture 24: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture 24: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functionally, the structures of the respiratory system can be subdivided into what three categories?

A
  1. Conductive system
  2. Transitional system
  3. Gas exchange system
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2
Q

The conductive system includes the

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
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3
Q

The transitional system is composed of

A

Terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

The gas exchange system is composed of

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles

- Alveoli

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5
Q

What system brings air to the respiratory portion?

A

The conducting system

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6
Q

What does the conducting system do to the incoming air?

A

Cleanses, moistens, and warms it

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7
Q

What regulates the temperature of the inhaled air?

A

Blood in the venous plexuses in the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity

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8
Q

What do the hair and secretions in the nasal cavity do?

A

Trap particulate matter

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9
Q

Transitional system

A

A transition zone between the conducting and gas exchange areas of the respiratory tree

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10
Q

Terminal bronchioles are lined by

A
  • Club cells
  • Non-ciliated secretory cells
  • A few ciliated cells
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11
Q

Do healthy bronchioles have goblet cells?

A

Nope

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12
Q

Alveoli

A

Thin-walled structures enveloped by a rich network of pulmonary capillaries

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13
Q

Alveoli are lined by

A

Epithelial type 1 and type 2 pneumonocytes

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14
Q

Non-specific defense mechanisms of the respiratory system

A
  • Mucous trapping
  • Mucociliary clearance
  • Phagocytosis
  • Air turbulence
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15
Q

Specific defense mechanisms of the respiratory system

A
  • Antibody production
  • Antibody-mediated phagocytosis
  • Cell-mediated immunity
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16
Q

Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi are mostly lined by what epithelium?

A

Psuedostratified ciliated columnar with secretory goblet cells and submucosal serous cells

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17
Q

The respiratory portion of the nasal cavity is lined by what epithelium?

A

Psuedostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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18
Q

The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains what glands for olfaction?

A

Bowman’s glands: Tubulo-alveolar glands that are mainly serous, with lesser number of mucous and mixed glands

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19
Q

What supports the lamina propria in the nasal cavity?

A

Submucosa

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20
Q

Where are olfactory sensory cells located?

A

The olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity

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21
Q

Three regions of each half of the bone supported cavity which is divided by the nasal cartilaginous septum

A
  • Vestibular region
  • Respiratory region
  • Olfactory region
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22
Q

Vestibular region of the nasal cavity

A
  • Initial, external part of the nasal cavity

- Has a cutaneous mucous membrane, haired skin, and glands

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23
Q

The vestibular region of the nasal cavity is lined by what kind of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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24
Q

What is the largest part of the nasal cavity?

A

The respiratory region

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25
Q

The respiratory region of the nasal cavity is lined by what kind of epithelium?

A

Psuedostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

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26
Q

Mucociliary apparatus

A
  • Combination of cells in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
  • Responsible for clearance
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27
Q

Conchae turbinates

A
  • Projections from the lateral wall of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity
  • Narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucous membrane
  • Regulates the quality and quantity of inhaled air
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28
Q

How does the mucociliary apparatus clean the upper respiratory passages?

A
  • Goblet cells produce mucinogen granules

- Movement of cilia removes mucus with trapped inhaled particles

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29
Q

Goblet cell reactions to injury

A
  • Hyperplasia (increased numbers)

- Metaplasia (change from ciliated stratified epithelium to squamous stratified epithelium)

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30
Q

Tips of the cilia of epithelial cells

A
  • Have claws of dynein

- Beat in unison

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31
Q

Immotile cilia syndrome

A

Dynein claws are missing from cilia

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32
Q

Where is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity located?

A

The dorsal part

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33
Q

Is olfactory epithelium thicker or thinner that respiratory epithelium

A

Much thicker

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34
Q

Cells of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

A
  • Olfactory neurons
  • Sustentacular cells
  • Basal cells
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35
Q

Does the olfactory epithelium have goblet cells?

A

Nope

36
Q

The lamina propria in the olfactory region contains what?

A
  • Serous olfactory glands

- Non-myelinated axons of olfactory neurons that form nerve bundles Cr. N. 1

37
Q

Where are swell bodies located?

A

Olfactory and respiratory regions of the nasal cavity

38
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ used for?

A

Chemoreception and sexual behavior

39
Q

The larynx includes

A
  • Cartilage
  • Vocal folds
  • Skeletal muscle
40
Q

Initial part of the larynx is lined by what epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

41
Q

After the vocal cords, the larynx is lined by what epithelium?

A

Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

42
Q

The trachea is lined by what epithelium?

A

Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium

43
Q

What are not clearly demarcated in the trachea?

A

Lamina propria and submucosa

44
Q

Where are serous glands seen in the trachea?

A

The lamina propria/submucosa

45
Q

What completes the wall of the trachea?

A

A connective tissue adventitia

46
Q

Brochus has plates of what kind of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

47
Q

Bronchi are lined by what kind of epithelium?

A

Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium

48
Q

Mixed seromucous glands in the bronchus secrete

A
  • Mucin
  • Lactoferrin
  • Lysozyme
49
Q

Bronchi branch into

A

bronchioles

50
Q

Bronchioles lack

A

cartilage and glands

51
Q

Bronchioles are subdivided into

A
  • Terminal bronchioles

- Respiratory bronchioles

52
Q

Terminal bronchioles are lined by what?

A

Ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells

53
Q

Is a muscularis mucosae still present in terminal bronchioles?

A

Yup

54
Q

Where are Club cells located?

A

They bulge at the surface of the terminal and respiratory bronchioles

55
Q

Purpose of the club cells

A
  • Source of surfactant-like substance which aids in maintaining patency of airway
  • Metabolize airborne toxins, may have immune function
56
Q

Function of the respiratory bronchiole

A

Conduction and gas exchange

57
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are lined by what epithelium?

A

Ciliated cuboidal epithelium, which becomes flattened distally

58
Q

Respiratory bronchioles have an incomplete

A

Muscularis mucosae

59
Q

Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into

A

alveolar ducts

60
Q

Alveolar ducts empty into

A

alveolar sac and alveoli

61
Q

Walls of alveolar ducts are composed of ____ and lined with what kind of epithelium?

A
  • Alveoli

- Simple squamous epithelial cells

62
Q

The edge surrounding the opening of each alveoli of an alveolar duct contains

A

smooth muscle cells

63
Q

What gives the lip of the alveolus a knob-like appearance on sections?

A

The presence of smooth muscle

64
Q

Do alveolar sacs have smooth muscle?

A

Nope

65
Q

Alveoli are lined by two distinct epithelial cells:

A
  • Pneumocytes type 1

- Pneumocytes type 2

66
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Alveolar spaces are filled with proteinaceous fluid

67
Q

Neighboring alveoli connect with each other via

A

Alveolar pores of Kohn

68
Q

Purpose of the alveolar pores of Kohn

A
  • Provides equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if a bronchiole is obstructed
  • Allow macrophage passage from one alveolus to another
69
Q

Pneumocyte type 1 cells compose ___% of alveolar surface area

A

95

70
Q

Pneumocyte type 1 cell structure

A

Extremely thin, have occluding junctions to prevent fluid passages

71
Q

What is a desired function in pneumonocyte type 1 cells?

A

Gas permeability

72
Q

Are pneumocyte type 1 cells mitotic?

A

Nope

73
Q

Where are organelles located in pneumocyte type 1 cells?

A

Grouped around nucleus

74
Q

Pneumocyte type 2 cells account of __% of the alveolar surface area?

A

5

75
Q

Surfactant is produced by

A

Lamellar bodies of pneumocyte type 2 cells

76
Q

Are pneumocyte type 2 cells mitotic?

A
  • They can be.

- Produces both Type 1 and Type 2

77
Q

Surfactant composition

A

Mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein

78
Q

Functions of surfactant

A

Reduces surface tension, which reduces effort needed to inflate alveoli, which prevents alveolar collapse

79
Q

What stimulates the production of surfactant in fetus just prior to parturition?

A

Cortisol

80
Q

Hyaline membrane disease

A

Absence of surfactant in newborns

81
Q

Blood-air barrier is composed of

A
  1. The vascular epithelium
  2. Basement membrane of the endothelial cell
  3. Basement membrane of the type 1 pneumocyte
  4. Cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocyte
82
Q

Pulmonary macrophages

A
  • Alveolar

- Intravascular

83
Q

Are there lymph nodes in alveolar nodes?

A

Nope

84
Q

Lungs are covered by the ____ pleural, which is composed of _____ ____ and lined by what epithelium?

A
  • Visceral
  • Connective tissue
  • Simple squamous epithelium
85
Q

Purpose of CT in the lungs

A
  • Supports bronchial tree

- Separates the lung into lobules

First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy (23 decks)

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