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First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy > Lecture 6: Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of connective tissue

A

Embryonic
Adult
Special

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2
Q

Two types of embryonic ct

A

Mesenchyme

Mucous

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3
Q

4 types of adult connective tissue

A

Loose
Dense
reticular
adipose

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4
Q

Three types of special connective tissue

A

Cartilage
Bone
Blood

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5
Q

6 functions of connective tissue

A
  • Connect
  • Suspend/give form/subdivide
  • Insulation and storage
  • Defend
  • Provide nutrition
  • Repair and regeneration
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6
Q

5 Clinical relevancies of connective tissue

A
  • Trauma/healing
  • Inflammation
  • Edema
  • Vitamin C deficiency
  • Tumor terminology/development
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7
Q

Two components of ct

A

Cells

Matrix

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8
Q

Two types of cells of Ct

A

resident

transient

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9
Q

Three components of the matrix of the ct

A

Fibers
Ground substance
Tissue fluid

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10
Q

Resident cells

A
  • embryonic mesenchyme cells

- Always there

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11
Q

Examples of resident cells

A 
Fibroblasts
reticular cells
adipocytes
mesenchymal
macrophages
mast cells
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12
Q

Transient cells

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cells

- Come and go

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13
Q

Examples of transient cells

A 
plasma cells
leukocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
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14
Q

Fibroblasts form

A

collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers of the matrix

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15
Q

Macrophages

A
  • Resident phagocytic cell of ct
  • Can survive months in tissue
  • May be named by located
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16
Q

Macrophages origin

A

From monocytes in blood. Once it enters ct, it is called a macrophage

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17
Q

Macrophages may be named by

A

location

ex. osteoclasts in bone
ex. kupffer cells in liver

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18
Q

Degranulation of mast cells causes

A

symptoms of allergy

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19
Q

Collagen fibers

A

white, very tensile and strong, do not stretch

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20
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Yellow, weak, and elastic, stretch and recoil

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21
Q

What are the most numerous fibers in the CT and bone?

A

Collagenous fibers

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22
Q

Collagen fiber structure

A

Extracellular scleroprotein fibers composed of fibrils usually arranges in bundles of indefinite length

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23
Q

Collagen fibers represent ____% dry weight in humans

A

30

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24
Q

4 Primary Types of Collagen Fibers

A
  • Type 1: Resists tensile forces. Found in bone, dentin, tendons.
  • Type 2: Resists compression. Forms fibrils found in cartilage
  • Type 3: Reticular fibers found in stroma of expandable organs such as spleen, lymph node, liver, CV system, and lymphatics
  • Type 4: basement membrane (basal membrane)
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25
Q

4 main types of collagen synthesis

A

Fibroblasts
Chondroblasts
Osteoblasts
Odontoblasts

26
Q

Procollagen

A

Formed in the fibroblast, cleaved to tropocollagen outside the cell and then assembled into collagen fibrils

27
Q

What is an important cofactor in collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C

28
Q

3 Properties of collagen

A
  • High tensile strength
  • Poor shear strength
  • Can only stretch 5% of initial length
29
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Individual branching and anastomosing fibers; pink in H E but not easily detected, more evident with special stain
Yellow in natural color

30
Q

Size of elastic fibers

A

0.2 - 5 um diameter in loose ct
Up to 12um in elastic ligaments
Can stretch up to 2.5 times original length

31
Q

Where can elastic fibers be found (7)

A 
Aorta artery
Elastic artery
Lungs
Vocal chords
Dermis
Pinna of ear
epiglottis
32
Q

Reticulum

A
  • A fine network formed by reticular fibers

- Can be stained by silver (argentaffin)

33
Q

Collagen type 3 is synthesized by

A

Reticular cells, liver cells, smooth muscle cells, and skeletal muscle cells

34
Q

The reticular ct serves as

A

a scaffolding for cells in lymph node, spleen, and bone marrow

35
Q

Deficiency of collagen type III

A

Results in fragile skin syndromes

36
Q

What is ground substance composed of?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins

37
Q

Properties of ground substance molecules allow for

A
  1. Binding of water
  2. Resisting compressive forces
  3. Cell adhesion to fibers
  4. Cell migration
  5. Barrier to bacterial/venom penetration
38
Q

Common macromolecules of GAGs

A
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Chondroitin sulfate
  • Keratin sulfate
  • Dermatan sulfate
  • Heparan sulfate
39
Q

4 types of structural glycoproteins

A
  • Fibronectin
  • Laminin
  • Osteonectin (In bone)
  • Chondronectin (In cartilage)
40
Q

Proteoglycans

A
  • Formed by covalently linking GAGs to protein core
  • May regulate passage of molecules and cells in the intercellular space and in chemical signaling between cells
  • Stain with basic dyes if present in high concentrations (hyaline cartilage )
41
Q

Structural glycoproteins

A

Proteins with attached carbs, help attach cells to each other and to extracellular matrix

42
Q

Proteoglycans: GAGs:

Where is hyaluronic acid found?

A

Vitreous humor of the eye, synovial fluid, umbilical cord, loose ct, skin, and cartilage

43
Q

Proteoglycans: GAGs:

Where is chondroitin sulfate found?

A

cartilage, arteries, skin, and cornea

44
Q

Proteoglycans: GAGs:

Where is keratin sulfate found?

A

cornea, cartilage, bone

45
Q

Proteoglycans: GAGs:

Where is dermatan sulfate found?

A

Skin, tendons, sclera, and lungs

46
Q

Proteoglycans: GAGs:

Where is heparin sulfate found?

A

arteries and lung

47
Q

Connective tissue fluid

A
  • Solution of nutrients and dissolved gases derived from plasma
  • Bathes matrix and cells with nutrients, aids in removing waste
  • Fluid dynamics maintain proper balance
  • Lymphatics important in fluid movement and prevention of edema
48
Q

Edema

A

Abnormal accumulation of tissue fluid

49
Q

Mesenchyme

A
  • Originates from the mesoderm and gives rise to adult ct

- Gel-like due to presence of ground substance, few fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells

50
Q

Loose connective tissue

A
  • Ubiquitous
  • Loosely arranged fibers
  • Cellular constituents vary with location
51
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Irregular and regularly arranged
Densely packed fibers
Strong tissue

52
Q

Dense connective tissue

A
  • Inactivated fibroblast = fibrocyte nuclei
  • Parallel arranged collagenous fibers
  • Very strong, resists tensile forces
  • Found in tendons, ligaments, cornea
53
Q

Adipose connective tissue is formed by

A

Adipocytes: cells with basement membrane

54
Q

Functions of adipocytes (2)

A
  • Energy storage
  • Endocrine: adipocytes produce leptin which has a regulatory effect on body fat. Leptin levels are proportional to body fat. It signals to the brain (satiety center) that the body has had enough to eat
55
Q

What makes something adipose tissue?

A

Adipocytes outnumber other cell types

56
Q

Unilocular

A

White fat

57
Q

Multilocular

A

Brown fat

58
Q

Purpose of white fat

A

energy storage
insulation
Endocrine: leptin

59
Q

Purpose of brown fat

A

heat generation

60
Q

Brown adipose cells have many

A

mitochondria

61
Q

Lipomas

A

Very common benign tumors generated by unilocular adipocytes

First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy (23 decks)

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