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First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy > Lecture 7: Cartilage > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

5 specialized types of connective tissue

A
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Ligaments
  • joints
  • tendons
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2
Q

Bone

A

Rigid protective and supporting framework for soft tissues

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3
Q

Cartilage

A

Avascular semi-rigid form of connective tissue characterized by absence of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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4
Q

Purpose of cartilage

A

Supports soft tissues, very important in bone growth

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5
Q

Cartilage is composed of

A

cells which are embedded in an amorphous gel-like substance (ground substance) and CT fibers, making this tissue resilient and pliable

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6
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

stem cells of bone and cartilage

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7
Q

Differentiation and maturation is most advanced where

A

At the center of a mass of growing cartilage

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8
Q

On completion of growth, the cartilage consists of

A

chondrocytes embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix

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9
Q

Perichondrium

A
  • Located at the periphery of mature cartilage
  • Zone of condensed connective tissue
  • Contains elongated fusiform cells that resemble fibroblasts and has cartilage forming potential (give rise to chondroblasts)
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10
Q

Perichondrium outer layer

A

Composed of dense fibrous connective tissue

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11
Q

Perichondrium inner layer

A
  • Cellular and is present in all hyaline cartilages except on articular surfaces
  • Chondrogenic, contains cells with the capacity to become chondroblasts
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12
Q

Ground substance is composed of

A

Sulfated polysaccharide units called glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)

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13
Q

GAGs bound to a protein core form macromolecules called

A

proteoglycans

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14
Q

Proteoglycans are responsible for

A

strong and flexible property of cartilage

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15
Q

Within the ground substance are embedded varying proportions of _____ and ____ ___ giving rise to:

A

collagen
elastic fibers
different types of cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibro-cartilage)

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16
Q

Chondrocytes

A
  • Mature cell
  • Occupy lacunae
  • Have an active role in synthesis of both the ground substance and fibrous elements of cartilage matrix
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17
Q

Within normal articular cartilage the only type of highly specialized cell is

A

the chondrocytes

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18
Q

Chondrocytes are arranged in clusters of __-__ fully differentiated cells called

A

2-4

isogenous groups

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19
Q

Chrondrocyte clusters are surrounded by

A

the extracellular matrix

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20
Q

Chondrocytes do not form

A

cell to cell contacts

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21
Q

Mature chondrocytes are characterized by

A
  • Small nuclei with dispersed chromatin and basophilic, granular cytoplasm reflecting a well developed rough ER
  • Lipid droplets are prominent
  • Glycogen-rich cytoplasm
22
Q

Cartilage matrix components

A

collagen
elastic fibers
proteoglycans

23
Q

What is the main structural glycoprotein

A

Chondronectin

24
Q

Basophilia of cartilage matrix is due to

A

high concentration of GAGs

25
Q

Surrounding each chondrocyte is the

A

Territorial matrix - the portion of the extracellular matrix surrounding each cell

26
Q

The matrix near the clusters of chondrocytes (territorial) is more ____ than the matrix further away (inter-territorial)

A

Basophilic

27
Q

Glycosaminoglycans near the clusters of chondrocytes are _____ abundant and _____ in composition than matrix further away

A

More

different

28
Q

Two manners of cartilage growth

A
  • Interstitial

- Appositional

29
Q

Interstitial growth

A

from within cartilage

30
Q

Appositional growth

A

at the periphery

31
Q

Classification of cartilage is based mainly on

A

the amount of collagen or elastic fibers present within the extracellular matrix

32
Q

Three types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline
  • Elastic
  • Fibro
33
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline

34
Q

Mature hyaline cartilage is characterized by

A

Small aggregation of chondrocytes embedded in an amorphous matrix of ground substance reinforced by collagen type 2 fibers

35
Q

Locations of hyaline cartilage

A
  • Fetal axial and appendicular skeleton
  • Growth plates (physis)
  • Articular cartilage
  • Costo-chondral junctions
  • Nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings, bronchii
36
Q

Hyaline cartilage chondroblasts and chondrocytes arise from

A

perichondrium

37
Q

Hyaline chondroblast matrix

A
  • GAGs of chondroitin sulfate + protein (proteoglycans)
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Glycoprotein is chondronectin
  • Type 2 collagenous fibrils
38
Q

Hyaline cartilage stains slightly

A

basophilic

39
Q

Articular hyaline cartilage

A

Covers joint surfaces and forms the physis (growth plate) of bones in young growing individuals

40
Q

Does articular cartilage have perichondrium?

A

Nope

41
Q

Elastic cartilage has

A

a perichondrium, chondroblasts, and chondrocytes in large lacunae

42
Q

Elastic cartilage stain

A

The elastic fibers stain dark

43
Q

Why is elastic cartilage flexible?

A

Due to presence of numerous bundles of branching elastic fibers in the cartilage matrix

44
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Larynx (epiglottis and the corniculate and cuneiform processes of the arytenoid cartilage), in the external auditory canal and ear pinna

45
Q

Fibrocartilage lacks a _____ and thus lacks

A

perichondrium

the capacity to regenerate

46
Q

Fibrocartilage contains

A

chondrocytes and lacunae

47
Q

Features of fibrocartilage are between

A

cartilage and dense fibrous connective tissue

48
Q

Fibrous cartilage contains type __ collagenous fibers

A

1

49
Q

Inactive fibroblasts are called

A

fibrocytes

50
Q

Fibrocartilage is located where what is required?

A

Support and tensile strength

51
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Menisci
  • Insertions of tendons
  • Mandibular symphysis
  • Pubic symphysis

First Semester: Microscopic Anatomy (23 decks)

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