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Anatomy > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

basic function of epithelial tissue

A

covering

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2
Q

basic function of connective tissue

A

support

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3
Q

basic function of muscle tissue

A

movement

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4
Q

basic function of nervous tissue

A

control

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5
Q

what are the 4 basic tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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6
Q

how does epithelial tissue receive nutrients

A

from underlying connective tissue

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7
Q

simple epithelial

A

single layer of cells attached to basement membrane

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8
Q

stratified epithelia

A

multiple layers of cells, basal layer of cells attached to basement membrane

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9
Q

describe simple squamous epithelium

A

singe layer of flat cells with disc shaped nuclei

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10
Q

function of simple squamous epithelium

A

massage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration, secretes lubricating substances in serosae

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11
Q

where in the body would simple squamous epithelium be found

A

renal corpuscles, alveoli of lungs, singing of heart, lymphatic vessels, lining of central boy cavity (serosae)

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12
Q

describe simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of tubelike cells with large spherical central nuclei

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13
Q

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secretion and absorption

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14
Q

where in the body would simple cuboidal epithelium be found

A

kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

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15
Q

describe simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei, some ciliated, and may contain goblet cells

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16
Q

function of simple columnar epithelium

A

absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells

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17
Q

where in the body would simple columnar epithelium be located

A

non-ciliated form: lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
ciliated form: lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

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18
Q

describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

nuclei lie at varying heights w/in cells giving impression of stratification.

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19
Q

describe stratified squamous epithelium

A

many layers of squamous shape cells, deeper layers appear cuboidal or columnar,

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20
Q

what are the two types of stratified squamous epithelum

A

keratinized, and non-keratinized

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21
Q

where and what are the properties of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

located on epidermis, waterproof, surface cells are dead and full of keratin

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22
Q

where and what are the properties of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

forms moist lining of body openings

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23
Q

function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

protects undoing tissues in areas subject for abrasion

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24
Q

location of stratified squamous epithelium

A

keratinized- forms epidermis, non-keratinized- forms lining of mucous membranes

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25
Q

describe stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

generally 2 layers of cube-shaped cells

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26
Q

function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

protection

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27
Q

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

forms ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, and largest sweat glands

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28
Q

describe stratified columnar epithelium

A

several layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated

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29
Q

function of stratified columnar epithelium

A

protection and secretion

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30
Q

location of stratified columnar epithelium

A

rare tissue type, found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands

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31
Q

describe transitional epithelium

A

characteristics of stratified cuboidal and squamous cells, superficial cells dome-shaped when bladder is relaxed, squamous when full

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32
Q

function of traditional epithelium

A

permits dissension of urinary organs when they are filled with urine

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33
Q

location of traditional epithelium

A

urinary bladder, ureters, proximal urethra

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34
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands that secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid

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35
Q

what do endocrine glands produce

A

messenger molecules called hormones

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36
Q

importance of hormones

A

regulating body functions

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37
Q

exocrine glands

A

ducts carry products of exocrine gland to epithelial surface

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38
Q

what ducts are associated with exocrine glands

A

mucus-secreting glands, sweat/oil glands, salivary glands, and liver/pancreas

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39
Q

what do goblet cells produce

A

mucin

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40
Q

what makes up mucus

A

mucin + water

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41
Q

what are goblet cells

A

unicellular exocrine glands

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42
Q

what are the two basic parts of multicellular exocrine glands

A

epithelium-walled duct, and secretory unit

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43
Q

how are multicellular exocrine glands classified

A

by structure of duct; simple or compound

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44
Q

how are multicellular exocrine glands categorized

A

by secretory unit; tubular, alveolar, and tubuloalveolar

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45
Q

what are some factors binding epithelial cells together

A

adhesion proteins link plasma membranes of adjacent cells, contours of adjacent cell membranes, and special cell junctions

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46
Q

what is another name for tight junctions

A

zona occludens

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47
Q

function of tight junctions and where are they found

A

found at apical region, some proteins in PM of adjacent cells fused, prevent certain molecules from passing b/t cells of epithelial tissue

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48
Q

what is another name for adhesive belt junctins

A

zonula adherens- anchoring junction

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49
Q

describe structure of adhesive belt junctions

A

transmembrane linker proteins attach to actin microfilaments of cytoskeleton bind adjacent cells

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50
Q

what is the main type of junction for binding cells together

A

desmosomes

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51
Q

describe desmosomes

A

scattered along abutting sides of adjacent cells, cytoplasmic side of each PM has a plaque which are joined together by linker proteins, intermediate filaments extend across cytoplasm and anchor desmosomes on opposite side of cell.

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52
Q

where are desmosomes commonly found

A

cardiac muscle and epithelial tissue

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53
Q

function of gap junction

A

passageway b/t two adjacent cells, let small molecules move directly, connected by hollow cylinders of protein, function in intercellular communication

54
Q

where is the basal lamina located

A

noncellular supporting sheet, boundary b/t epithelium and connective tissue

55
Q

function of basal lamina

A

acts s selective filter, determining which molecules from capillaries enter epithelium, acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial tissue cells can migrate

56
Q

what forms the basement membrane

A

basal lamina and reticular layers of underlying connective tissue

57
Q

what are microvilli

A

fingerlike extension of plasma membrane that have a core of actin filaments that stiffen the microvillus

58
Q

where are microvilli abundant

A

kidney tubules and small intestine

59
Q

function of microvilli

A

maximize surface across which small molecules enter or leave cell

60
Q

what are cilia

A

whiplike, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes

61
Q

describe structure of cilia

A

contain core of microtubules held together by cross-linking and radial proteins, arrange in pairs (doublets)

62
Q

how do cilia generate movement

A

when adjacent doublets grip each other w/ the motor protein dynein

63
Q

what are the main classes of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, and blood

64
Q

list some important functions of connective tissue types

A

form bars of skeleton, store/carry nutrients, surround blood vessels and nerves, lead fight against infection

65
Q

list some special characteristics of connective tissue

A

few cells, abundant extracellular matrix (composed of ground substance and fibers) produced by cells of connective tissue, common embryonic origin: mesenchyme

66
Q

what types of cells do areolar connective tissue contain

A

fat cells, WBC, and mast cells

67
Q

list the 3 types of fibers found in connective tissue and their functions

A

collagen fibers- strongest; resist tension
reticular fibers- bundles of special type of cartilage
elastic fibers- contain elastin; recoil after stretching

68
Q

what are the different types of connective tissue proper

A

loose connective (areolar, adipose, reticular), and dense connective (regular, irregular, elastic)

69
Q

what are the different types of cartilage connective tissue

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage

70
Q

what are the different types of bone connective tissue

A

compact bone and spongy bone

71
Q

what types of fibers are found in the extracellular matrix of areolar connective tissue?

A

collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fiber

72
Q

what are the 3 main functions of areolar connective tissue?

A

wraps/cushions organs, holds/conveys tissue fluid, role in inflammation

73
Q

where in the body is areolar connective tissue found

A

under epithelia, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

74
Q

describe adipose tissue

A

closely packed adipocytes, nucleus pushed to one side of fat droplet, richly vascularized

75
Q

function of adipose tissue

A

provides reserve food fuel, insulates agains heat loss, support and protects organs

76
Q

where in the body is adipose tissue located

A

unde skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, w/in abdomen, breasts, and hypodermis

77
Q

purpose of brown adipose tissue

A

produces heat, occurs in babies to aid thermoregulation, in adults: b/t scapulae, side of anterior neck, and anterior abdominal wall

78
Q

describe reticular connective tissue

A

network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance

79
Q

function of reticular connective tissue

A

forms soft, internal skeleton (stroma), and supports other cell types

80
Q

where in the body is reticular connective tissue found

A

lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

81
Q

describe dense connective tissues

A

resist strong pulling forces, and have more collagen than areolar connective tissue

82
Q

describe dense irregular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers are thick and irregularly arranged, contains some elastic fibers and fibroblasts

83
Q

function of dense irregular connective tissue

A

w/stands tension, and provides structural strength

84
Q

where in the body is dense irregular connective tissue located

A

dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of joints, and capsulessurroundsng organs (kidneys, bone, lymph nodes)

85
Q

describe dense regular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers parallel to direction of pull, fibroblasts located b/t collagen fibers, tensile strength, poorly vascularized, forms fascia

86
Q

function of dense regular connective tissue

A

attaches: muscle to bone, bone to bone, w/stands great stress in one direction

87
Q

where in the body is dense regular connective tissue found

A

tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, fascia around muscles

88
Q

describe elastic connective tissue

A

elastic fibers predominate

89
Q

function of elastic connective tissue

A

allows recoil after stretching

90
Q

where in the body is elastic connective tissue located

A

w/in walls of arteries, in certain ligaments, and surrounding bronchial tubes

91
Q

what are some properties all types of cartilage share

A

firm, flexible tissue, no blood vessels/nerves, matrix up to 80% water, cells: chondrocyte and chondroblasts

92
Q

describe byline cartilage

A

glassy look, chondroblasts produce matrix, chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) lie w/in lacunae

93
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A

supports, reinforces, resilient cushion, resists repetitive stress

94
Q

where in the body is hyaline cartilage found

A

fetal skeleton, ends of long bones, costal cartilage of ribs, cartilages of nose, trachea, and larynx

95
Q

describe elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers in matrix

96
Q

function of elastic cartilage

A

maintains shape of structure, allows great flexibility

97
Q

where in the body is elastic cartilage located

A

supports external ear, and epiglottis

98
Q

describe fibrocartilage

A

matrix similar but less firm than hyaline cartilage, thick collagen fibers predominate

99
Q

function of fibrocartilage

A

tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock

100
Q

where in the body is fibrocartilage located

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and discs of knee joint

101
Q

describe bone tissue

A

bone matrix contains inorganic calcium salts, abundance of collagen fibers, osteocytes in lacunae

102
Q

function of bone tissue

A

supports/protects organs, provides levers and attachment site for muscles, stores calcium and mother minerals, stores fat, marrow site for blood cell formation

103
Q

describe blood tissue

A

atypical connective tissue, develops from mesenchyme, consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix, RBC and WBC in fled matrix

104
Q

function of blood tissue

A

transport or respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes

105
Q

where in the body is blood tissue located

A

w/in blood vessels

106
Q

list 3 types of lining membranes

A

cutaneous membrane, mucous membranes, and serous membrane

107
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin

108
Q

what does mesothelium line

A

close cavities like pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity, pericardial cavity

109
Q

what are muscle cells called

A

muscle fibers

110
Q

what do myofilaments contain

A

actin and myosin

111
Q

what are 3 type of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue

112
Q

describe skeletal muscle tissue

A

long, cylindrical cells, multinucleate, and striations

113
Q

function of skeletal muscle tissue

A

voluntary movement, manipulation of environment, facial expression

114
Q

where are skeletal muscle muscles located

A

attach to bones (occasionally to skin)

115
Q

describe cardiac muscle tissue

A

branching cell, striated, generally uninucleate, cells interdigitate at intercalated discs

116
Q

function of cardiac muscle tissue

A

contracts to propel blood into circulatory system

117
Q

describe smooth muscle tissue

A

spindle-shaped cells w/ central nuclei, arranged closely to form sheets, no striations

118
Q

function of smooth muscle tissue

A

propels substances along internal passageways, and involuntary control

119
Q

where is smooth muscle tissue located

A

mostly walls of hollow organs

120
Q

describe nervous tissue

A

main components are brain, final cord, and nerves

121
Q

what two types of cells that are found in nervous tissue

A

neurons and neuroglia

122
Q

function of nervous tissue

A

transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors

123
Q

inflammatory response

A

non-specific, local response, limits damage to injury site

124
Q

immune response

A

takes longer to develop and very specific, destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection

125
Q

edema

A

accumulation of fluid

126
Q

what is the purpose of edema

A

helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria, brings oxygen and nutrients from blood, brings antibodies of blood to fight infection

127
Q

regeneration

A

replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue

128
Q

fibrosis

A

proliferation of scar tissue

129
Q

what types of tissue have a good to excellent change of regeneration

A

epithelial tissue, bone, areolar, dense irregular, and blood-forming connective tissue

130
Q

what types of tissue have a moderate change for regeneration

A

smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue

131
Q

what types of tissue have a weak capacity for regeneration

A

skeletal and cartilage

132
Q

which types of tissue have none or almost no change of regeneration

A

cardiac, and nervous tissue

Anatomy (20 decks)

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