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Anatomy > E3 Ch. 13 > Flashcards

E3 Ch. 13 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the CNS composed of

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

rostral

A

toward nose

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3
Q

caudal

A

toward tail

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4
Q

which part of the neural tube does the brain arise from

A

rostral part

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5
Q

what are the 3 primary brain vesicles in 4 week old embryo

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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6
Q

prosencephalon

A

forebrain

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7
Q

mesencephalon

A

midbrain

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8
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain

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9
Q

divisions of prosencephalon

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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10
Q

divisions of rhombencephalon

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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11
Q

list the structures of the adult brain that develop from secondary brain vesicles

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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12
Q

structures in the telencephalon

A

cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

structures in the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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14
Q

structures in the metencephalon

A

bons and cerebellum

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15
Q

structures in the myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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16
Q

what structures are included in the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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17
Q

brain classified into four regions

A

brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla), cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of gray matter, formed from neuronal cell bodies, located in cerebrum and cerebellum

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19
Q

what types of cells line the ventricles of the brain

A

ependymal cells

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20
Q

location of lateral ventricles

A

located in cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

location of third ventricle

A

lies in diencephalon

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22
Q

what structure connects the third ventricle with the lateral ventricles

A

interventricular foramen

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23
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

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24
Q

location of fourth ventricle

A

lies in hindbrain, connects to central canal of the spinal cord

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25
Q

what structures are included in the brain stem

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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26
Q

what are some general functions of the brain stem

A

passageway for all fiber tracts running b/t cerebrum and spinal cord, innervation of face and head, produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival, integrates auditory and visual reflexes

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27
Q

which structure is the most caudal level of the brain stem

A

medulla oblongata

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28
Q

where is the choroid plexus located

A

lies in roof of the fourth ventricle

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29
Q

list the 4 external landmarks of the medulla

A

pyramids, decussation of the pyramids, inferior cerebellar peduncles, and olive of medulla

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30
Q

what is located in the core of the medulla

A

reticular formation

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31
Q

what are the visceral centers of the reticular formation found in the core of the medulla

A

cardiac, vasomotor, medullary respiratory, and centers for hiccuping, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing

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32
Q

which structure is considered the “bridge” b/t the midbrain and medulla oblongata

A

the pons

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33
Q

the pons contain the nuclei of which cranial nerves

A

V-trigeminal, VI- abducens, VII-facial

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34
Q

what does the pons contain

A

motor tracts (coming from cerebral cortex), and pontine nuclei

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35
Q

what is the pontine nuclei and its function

A

connects portions of cerebral cortex and cerebellum, sends axons to cerebellum though middle cerebellar peduncles

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36
Q

where is the midbrain located

A

b/t the diencephalon and pons

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37
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

central cavity of midbrain

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38
Q

what is periaqueductal gray matter and what is it involved in

A

surrounds cerebral aqueduct, involved in fight or flight reaction and mediates response to visceral pain

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39
Q

what is the corpora quadrigemina and what are its divisions

A

larget nuclei located in midbrain, divided into superior and inferior colliculi

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40
Q

function of superior colliculi

A

nuclei that act in visual reflexes

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41
Q

inferior colliculi

A

nuclei that act in reflexive response to sound

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42
Q

what is embedded in the white matter of the midbrain

A

2 pigmented nuclei: substantia nigra and red nucleus

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43
Q

substantia nigra

A

neuronal cell bodies containing melanin, functionally linked to basal nuclei

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44
Q

red nucleus

A

lies deep to substantia nigra, largest nucleus of the reticular formation

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45
Q

function of cerebellum

A

smoothing and coordinating body movements, helps maintain equilibrium

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46
Q

subdivisions of cerebellar hemispheres

A

anterior lobe, posterior lobe, and flocculonodular lobe (tiny)

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47
Q

in order to coordinate body movements, the cerebellar cortex receives what 3types of information

A

info on equilibrium, info on current movements of limbs, neck, and trunk, and info from cerebral cortex

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48
Q

process in which cerebellum coordinates movement

A
  1. receives info on movement from motor cortex of cerebrum
  2. compares intended movement w/ body position
  3. sends instructions back to cerebral cortex to continuously adjust/fine-tune motor commands
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49
Q

what are some higher cognitive functions of the cerebellum

A

learning new motor skill, participates in cognition (language, problem solving, task planning)

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50
Q

what are cerebellar peduncles

A

thick tracts connecting cerebellum to brain stem

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51
Q

what are the different types of cerebellar peduncles

A

superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles

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52
Q

diencephalon

A

forms central core of forebrain, surrounded by cerebral hemispheres, border third ventricle, primarily composed of gray matter

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53
Q

what are the 3 paired structures that comprise the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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54
Q

function of thalamus

A

relay stations for incoming sensory message, sends axons to regions of the cerebral cortex, “gateway” to cerebral cortex

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55
Q

location of hypothalamus

A

lies b/t optic chiasm and mammillary bodies

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56
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

main visceral control center of body; controls ANS, emotional responses, regulation body temp, hunger/ thirst, behavior, sleep-wake cycles, endocrine system, formation of memory

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57
Q

epithalamus

A

“roof” of third ventricle, consist of tiny group of nuclei, includes pineal gland (pineal body)

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58
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes hormone melatonin, under influence of hypothalamus, aids in control of carcadian rhythm

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59
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves that separate major regions of brain

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60
Q

transverse fissure

A

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

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61
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

separates cerebral hemispheres

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62
Q

sulci

A

grooves on surface of cerebral hemispheres

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63
Q

gyri

A

twisted ridges b/t sulci

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64
Q

what does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate

A

occipital from parietal lobe

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65
Q

list the lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insula

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66
Q

what does the cerebral cortex enable us to do

A

home of conscious mind; aware of ourselves and sensations, initiate/control voluntary movements, communicate, remember, and understand

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67
Q

what are the 3 general kinds of functional areas in the cerebral cortex

A

sensory, association, and motor areas

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68
Q

multimodal association areas of cerebrum

A

receive and integrate input from multiple regions of cerebral cortex

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69
Q

motor cortex of cerebrum

A

plans and initiates voluntary motor functions

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70
Q

describe cerebral cortex info. processing

A
  1. sensory info received by primary sensory cortex
  2. info relayed to sensory association area
  3. multimodal association area receive input in parallel from sensory areas
  4. motor plan enacted
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71
Q

what are sensory areas

A

cortical areas involved in conscious awareness of sensation

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72
Q

where area sensory areas located

A

parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes- distinct regions of each lobe interpret each of the major senses

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73
Q

where are primary somatosensory cortex located

A

along the postcentral gyrus

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74
Q

somatosensory cortex involved n

A

conscious awareness of general somatic senses, spatial discrimination (precisely locates stimulus, certain regions more adept in distinguishing precise stimuli)

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75
Q

sensory homunculus

A

body map of the sensory cortex

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76
Q

somatosensory assoication cortex location

A

posterior to primary somatosensory cortex

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77
Q

what does the somatosensory association cortex do

A

integrates different sensory inputs (touch, pressure), draws upon stored memories of past sensory experiences (e.g. recognize keys/coins in pocket w/out looking at them)

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78
Q

primary visual cortex location

A

deep w/in calcarine sulcus (medial part of occipital lobe)

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79
Q

function of primary visual cortex

A

receives visual info that originates on retina, exhibits contralateral function

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80
Q

visual association area function

A

surrounds primary visual area, continues processing of visual info. (analyze color, form, movement)

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81
Q

function of primary auditory cortex

A

conscious awareness of sound, waves excite receptors in inner ear, impulses trasmitted to primary auditory cortex

82
Q

location of primary auditory cortex

A

superior edge of temporal lobe

83
Q

location of auditory association area

A

posterior to primary auditory cortex

84
Q

function of auditory areas

A

permits evaluation of different sounds, processes auditory stimuli serially and in parallel

85
Q

wernicke’s area

A

involved in recognizing and understanding speech

86
Q

function of vestibular cortex

A

conscious awareness of sense of balance

87
Q

location of vestibular cortex

A

posterior part of insula, deep to the lateral sulcus

88
Q

function of gustatory cortex

A

conscious awareness of taste stimuli

89
Q

location of gustatory cortex

A

“roof” of lateral sulcus

90
Q

location of olfactory cortex

A

medial aspect of cerebrum located in piriform lobe

91
Q

function of olfactory cortex

A

olfactory nerves transmit impulses to olfactory cortex, provides conscious awareness of smells

92
Q

what is the olfactory cortex part of

A

rhinencephalon- “nose brain”

93
Q

what is included in the rhinencephalon “nose brain”

A

piriform lobe, olfactory tracts, and olfactory bulbs

94
Q

function of rhinencephalon

A

connects brain to limbic system, explains why smell triggers emotions, involved w/ consciously identifying and recalling specific smells

95
Q

where are visceral sensory areas located and what types of sensory input are received

A

w/in lateral sulcus on insula lobe, receives pain, pressure, and hunger

96
Q

what are motor areas

A

cortical areas controlling motor functions

97
Q

list the different motor areas

A

premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, frontal eye field, Broca’s area

98
Q

location of premotor cortex

A

anterior to precentral gyrus

99
Q

function of premotor cortex

A

controls more complex movements, receives processed sensory info. (visual, auditory, general somatic sensory), controls voluntary actions dependent on sensory feedback, planning movements

100
Q

function of primary motor cortex

A

controls motor functions

101
Q

location of primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

102
Q

pyramidal cells

A

large neurons of primary motor cortex, axons cross over to opposite side of brain (contralateral), specific types control specific areas of body

103
Q

corticospinal tracts of motor cortex

A

descend though brain stem and spinal cord, axons signal motor neurons to control skilled movements

104
Q

somatotopy

A

body is represented spatially in the primary motor cortex

105
Q

where does the frontal eye field located

A

lies anterior to premotor cortex

106
Q

where is Broca’s area located

A

left cerebral hemisphere

107
Q

function of Broca’s area

A

manages speech production, connected to language comprehension areas in posterior association area

108
Q

what does the corresponding region to Broca’s in the right cerebral hemisphere control

A

emotional overtones to spoken words

109
Q

what are multimodal association areas

A

large areas of cerebral cortex that receive sensory input from multiple sensory modalities and sensory association areas and makes associations b/t kinds of sensory info.

110
Q

what are the 3 multimodal association areas

A

posterior, anterior, and limbic association areas

111
Q

where is the posterior association area located

A

at interface of visual, auditory, and somatosensory association areas

112
Q

function of posterior association area

A

integrates sensory info into unified perception, allows awareness of spatial location of body (“body sense”), related to language comprehension and speech

113
Q

describe the location and function of the dorsal stream of the posterior association area

A

extends to postcentral gyrus, perceives info about spatial relationships, “where” pathway” (location of objects)

114
Q

describe the location and function of the ventral stream of the posterior association area

A

pases info into inferior part of temporal lobe, responsible for recognizing objects, words, and faces, “what” pathway (identifies objects)

115
Q

describe the 2 ways auditory stimuli is processed

A

from auditory association areas though multimodal association areas

parietal lobe and lateral part of frontal lobe- evaluate location of sound (“where” pathway)

anterior region of temporal lobe and inferior region of frontal lobe- process sound identification (“what” pathway)

116
Q

where is wernicke’s area found

A

left cerebral cortex in posterior association areas

117
Q

function of wernicke’s area

A

speech comprehension, coordination of auditory and visual aspects of language, initiation of word articulation, recognition of sound sequence

118
Q

function of corresponding wernicke’s area in the right hemisphere

A

creative interpretation of words, emotional overtones of speech

119
Q

anterior association areas

A

large region of frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex), receives info from posterior association area, integrates info w/ past experience, initiates and plans motor movements, and has links to limbic system

120
Q

what are the more complex functions of anterior association areas

A

thinking, perceiving, intentionally remembering, processing abstract ideas, impulse control, humor, empathy, stores info for less than 30 sec. etc.

121
Q

function of anterior pole of frontal cortex

A

active in solving most complex problems, emotions, cognition at anterior part of frontal lobe

122
Q

what are the 3 working memory areas of anterior association areas

A

visual working memory, auditory working memory, and executive area

123
Q

where is the limbic association area located

A

medial side of frontal lobe

124
Q

function of limbic association areas

A

memory, emotions, integrates sensory and motor behaviors, aids in formation of memory, and processes emotions

125
Q

what does the left cerebral hemisphere control

A

language abilities, math, and logic

126
Q

what does the right cerebral hemisphere control

A

visual-spatial skills, reading facial expressions, intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skills

127
Q

what are the different types of tracts found in the white matter

A

commissures, association fibers, projection fibers

128
Q

what are commissures tracts composed of

A

commissural fibers

129
Q

function of commissure tracts

A

allows communication b/t cerebral hemispheres

130
Q

what is the larges commissure tract

A

corpus callosum

131
Q

function of association fiber tracts

A

connect different part of the same hemisphere

132
Q

parts of wernike’s and Broca’s areas are connected by what type of tracts

A

association fibers

133
Q

which way do projection fiber tracts run

A

vertically

134
Q

where do projection fibers descend from and ascend to

A

descend from cerebral cortex and ascend to cortex from lower regions

135
Q

describe internal capsule of projection tracts

A

projection fibers form a compact bundle, passes b/t the thalamus and basal nuclei

136
Q

describe the corona radiata of projection tracts

A

superior to internal capsule, fibers run to and from cerebral cortex

137
Q

what does the deep gray matter of the cerebrum consist of

A

basal nuclei (basal ganglia), basal forebrain nuclei, claustrum

138
Q

basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

A

involved in motor control

139
Q

basal forebrain nuclei

A

associated w/ memory

140
Q

claustrum

A

nucleus of unknown function

141
Q

amygdaloid body

A

located in cerebrum but is considered part of limbic system

142
Q

what is the basal nuclei formed from

A

group of nuclei deep w/in the cerebral white matter, formed from caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

143
Q

basal ganglia

A

complex neural calculaors, cooperate w/ cerebral cortex in controlling movement, receive input from many cortical areas

144
Q

substantia nigra

A

influences basal ganglia

145
Q

function of basal nuclei

A

start, stop, and regulate intensity of voluntary movements, select appropriate muscles for a task and inhibit others, estimate passage of time.

146
Q

what structures make up the basal forebrain nuclei

A

septum, diagonal band of Broca, horizontal band of broca, basal nucleus of Meynert

147
Q

location of basal forebrain nuclei

A

anterior and dorsal to hypothalamus

148
Q

function of forebrain nuclei

A

arousal, learning, memory, motor control

149
Q

degeneration of basal forebrain nuclei is associated to what disease

A

alzheimer’s disease

150
Q

function of cerebellum

A

process input from cerebral motor cortex, propriceptors, and visual and equilibrium pathway, smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle movements, balance and posture

151
Q

function of thalamus portion of diencephalon

A

relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation, relays impulses b/t cerebral cortex and subcortical motor centers including basal nuclei (ganglia) and cerebellum, memory processing

152
Q

function of hypothalamus portion of diencephalon

A

autonomic (involuntary) NS, regulates body temp, food intake, water balance, thirst, biolobical rhythms/drves, hormonal output, acts as endocrine organ producing ADH and oxytocin

153
Q

function of cortical gray matter found in cerebral hemispheres

A

localizes/interpret sensory inputs, controls voluntary/skilled skeletal muscle activity, functions in intellectual and emotional processing

154
Q

function of limbic system

A

includes cerebral and diencephalon structures (cingulate gyrus, hippocampal formation, amygdaloid body, hypothalamus, and anterior thalamic nuclei), mediates emotional response, forms/retrieves memories

155
Q

function of medulla oblongata

A

relays sensory info to cerebellum though inferior olivary nuclei, contains visceral nuclei controlling HR, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing etc.

156
Q

function of pons

A

pontine nuclei relay info from cerebrum to cerebellum, contains reticular formation nuclei

157
Q

the medulla oblongata contains the nuclei of which cranial nerves

A

VIII-X and XII

158
Q

the pons contains the nuclei of which cranial nerves

A

V-VII

159
Q

function of midbrain

A

contains subcortical motor centers, and visual and auditory reflex centers

160
Q

the midbrain contains the nuclei of which cranial nerves

A

III and IV

161
Q

function of reticular formation

A

maintains cerebral cortical alertness (reticular activating system), filters out repetitive stimuli, helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity and modulate pain

162
Q

location of limbic system

A

medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres, w/in diencephalon

163
Q

what is the limbic system composed of

A

septal nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampal formation, part of amygdaloid body

164
Q

fornix

A

along w/ other tracts link limbic system together

165
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

limbic system; allows us to shift b/t thoughts, interprets pain as unpleasant

166
Q

what three columns does the reticular formation make

A

midline raphe nuclei, medial nuclear group, and lateral nuclear group

167
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

maintain consciousness and alertness, functions in sleep and arousal from sleep, malfunctions in people w/ narcolepsy

168
Q

what structures protect the brain

A

skull, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood brain barrier

169
Q

functions of the meninges

A

cover/protect CNS, enclose and protect vessels that supply CNS, contains CSF b/t pia and arachnoid maters

170
Q

what two layers compose the dura mater

A

periosteal layer, and meningeal layer

171
Q

arachnoid villi

A

project through dura mater, allow CSF to pass into dural blood sinuses

172
Q

where is CSF formed

A

choroid plexuses in brain ventricle

173
Q

where is the choroid plexus located

A

all 4 ventricles

174
Q

what is the choroid plexus composed of

A

ependymal cells and capillaries

175
Q

where does CSF arise from and how much is produced a day and how much is present at one time

A

arises from blood; 500 ml produced/day, only 100-160 ml present at any one time

176
Q

function of blood-brain barrier

A

prevents most blood borne toxins from entering brain, allows passage of nutrients, oxygen, alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics

177
Q

function of spinal cord

A

attachment of spinal nerves, provide two-way conduction pathway, major center for reflexes

178
Q

location of spinal chord

A

runs though vertebral canal, extends from foramen magnum to L1 or L2

179
Q

SS of gray mater

A

somatic sensory; interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons

180
Q

VS of gray mater

A

visceral sensory; interneurons receiving input from visceral sensory neurons

181
Q

VM of gray mater

A

visceral motor; (autonomic) neurons

182
Q

SM of gray mater

A

somatic motor neurons

183
Q

what structures protect spinal cord

A

vertebrae, meninges, and CSF

184
Q

function of CSF

A

liquid cushion for spinal cord and brain, nourishes brain and spinal cord, removes wastes, carries chemical signals b/t parts of CNS

185
Q

ascending pathways of CNS

A

carry info to more rostral areas of CNS

186
Q

descending pathways of CNS

A

carry info to more caudal regions of CNS

187
Q

what type of signal do ascending pathways carry

A

general somatic sensory impulses

188
Q

what are the 4 main types of ascending pathways

A

dorsal column, spinothalamic, posterior spinocerebellar, anterior spinocerebellar pathway

189
Q

what types of signals do descending pathways carry

A

motor pathways

190
Q

function of descending pathways

A

deliver motor instructions from brain to spinal cord

191
Q

what are the 2 groups of descending pathways

A

pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts and other motor pathways

192
Q

list the other motor pathways

A

tectospinal, vestibulospinal, rubrospinal, reticulospinal tracts

193
Q

paralysis

A

loss of motor function

194
Q

parasthesia

A

loss of sensation

195
Q

paraplegia

A

injury to spinal cord b/t T1 and L2

196
Q

quadriplegia

A

injury to spinal cord in cervical region, paralysis of all 4 limbs

197
Q

cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

A

degenerative brain disease; blockage or interruption of blood flow to a brain region

198
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

prgressive degenerative disease leading to dementias

199
Q

anencephaly

A

neural tube defect; cerebrum and cerebellum are absent

200
Q

spina bifida

A

neural tube defect; absence of vertebral lamina

201
Q

cerebral palsy

A

voluntary muscles are poorly controlled, results from damage to the motor cortex

Anatomy (20 decks)

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