Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > E4 Ch. 16 > Flashcards

E4 Ch. 16 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the special senses

A

taste, smell, sight, hearing, and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define touch

A

a large group of general senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe special sensory receptors

A

localized (confined to head region), distinct receptor cells, special receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe special receptor cells

A

neuron like epithelial cells or small peripheral neurons, transfer sensory info to other neurons in afferent pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

another name for taste

A

gustation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

another name for smell

A

olfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the receptors for taste and smell classified as

A

chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe chemoreceptors

A

respond to chemicals; food dissolved in saliva, airborne chemicals that dissolve in fluids of the nasal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where do taste receptors occur

A

in taste buds; most found on surface of tongue, located w/in tongue papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

name the 2 types of papillae (with taste buds)

A

fungiform and vallate papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the 2 major cell types found in taste buds

A

gustatory epithelial cells (supporting cells) and basal epithelial cells (gustatory cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how often are taste buds replaced

A

every 7-10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name the 5 basic qualities of taste

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what chemical is “umami” elicited by

A

glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what part of the brain does taste info. reach and though which nerves

A

the cerebral cortex; facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves, some though vagus nerve (X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the gustatory pathway

A

sensory neurons synapse in medulla located in solitary nucleus, impulses transmitted to thalamus to gustatory area of cerebral cortex in insula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

olfactory epithelium is pseudostratified columnar and contains what 3 main cell types

A

olfactory sensory neurons, supporting epithelial cells, and olfactory stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where are the cell bodies of olfactory sensory neurons located

A

in olfactory epithelium; have apical dendrite that projects to epithelial surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what acts as a receptive structure for smell

A

olfactory cilia; mucus captures and dissolves oder molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe filaments of the olfactory nerve

A

bundled axons of olfactory sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what structures do the filaments of the olfactory nerve penetrate and where does it synapse with

A

penetrate cribriform plate of ethmoid bone to enter the olfactory bulbs and synapse w/ mitral cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

function of mitral cells

A

transmit impulses along olfactory tract to the limbic system and the piriform lobe of the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

anosmia

A

absence of the sense of smell, due to injury, colds, allergies, or zinc deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

uncinate fits

A

distortion of smells or olfactory hallucinations, often results from irritation of olfactory pathways after brain surgery or head trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

olfactory epithelium is derived from what

A

olfactory placodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how are taste buds developed

A

upon stimulation by gustatory nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

list the accessory structures of the eye

A

eyebrows, eyelids, lacrimal caruncle, tarsal plates, tarsal glands, and conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe the conjunctiva and list its parts

A

transparent mucous membrane; palpebral conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva, and conjunctival sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

function of the lacrimal apparatus

A

keeps surface of eye moist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

lacrimal gland

A

produces lacrimal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

lacrimal sac

A

fluid empties into nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how many muscles control eye movement and where do they originate/insert

A

6; originate in walls of orbit, insert on outer surface of eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the origin of the 4 rectus muscles of the eye

A

anular ring

34
Q

list the 6 extrinsic eye muscles

A

lateral, medial, superior, inferior rectus, superior, inferior oblique

35
Q

function of the sclera

A

provides shape and an anchor for eye muscles

36
Q

function of limbus

A

junction b/t sclera and cornea

37
Q

purpose of the scleral venous sinus

A

allows aqueous humor to drain

38
Q

purpose of the choroid

A

vascular, darkly pigmented membrane that prevents scattering of light rays w/in the eye

39
Q

what type of muscle is the iris composed of

A

smooth muscle

40
Q

what is the pupillary light reflex

A

protective response of pupil constriction when a bright light is flashed in the eye

41
Q

what two laters compose the retina

A

pigmented layer and neural layer

42
Q

describe the pigmented layer of the retina

A

single layer of melanocytes

43
Q

describe he neural layer of the retina and the 3 types of neurons found there

A

sheet of nervous tissue; photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglion cells

44
Q

describe the 2 main types of photoreceptors

A

rod cells- more sensitive to light; allows vision in dim light, black and white

cone cells- operate bes in bright light; enable high-acuity, color vision

45
Q

ora serrata

A

neural layer ends at posterior margin of the ciliary body, pigmented layer covers ciliary body and posterior surface of the iris

46
Q

what type of photoreceptors are found in the macula lutea

A

mostly cones

47
Q

what type of photoreceptors are found in the fovea centralis

A

only cones; region of highest visual acuity

48
Q

what two sources supply blood to the retina

A

outer third of retina receives from capillaries in the choroid

inner two-thirds of retina receives from the central artery and vein of the retina

49
Q

function of the vitreous humor

A

transmits light, support posterior surface of lens, helps maintain intraocular pressure

50
Q

function of aqueous humor

A

formed as a blood filtrate; supplies nutrients to lens and cornea

51
Q

what structures make up the refractory media

A

lens, cornea, and humors

52
Q

what is the refractory media

A

light bending structures

53
Q

where does visual information travel to

A

mostly in cerebral cortex, other pathways include nuclei in the midbrain and diencephalon

54
Q

describe the visual pathway to the cerebral cortex

A

light, beings at retina, activates photoreceptors which signal bipolar cells which signal ganglion cells then axons of ganglion cells exit eye as the optic nerve, axons to lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus, synapse w/ thalamic neurons, fibers of optic radiation reach primary visual cortex

55
Q

retinopathy of prematurity

A

blood vessels grow w/in eyes of premature infants, vessels have weak walls causing hemorrhaging and blindness

56
Q

trachoma

A

contagious infection of the conjunctiva

57
Q

what are the 3 main regions of the ear and what are their general functions

A

external- hearing
middle- hearing
internal- hearing and equilibrium

58
Q

name the structures that make up the external ear

A

auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane

59
Q

function of auricle

A

helps direct sounds

60
Q

what components does the external acoustic meatus contain

A

hairs, sebaceous glands, and ceruminous glands

61
Q

function of tympanic membrane

A

forms boundary b/t external and middle ear

62
Q

what 3 parts comprise the bony labyrinth (internal ear)

A

semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea

63
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear

A

series of membrane-walled sacs and ducts that fit w/in the bony labyrinth

64
Q

what 3 parts comprise the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear

A

semicircular ducs, utricle and saccule, and cochlear duct

65
Q

what type of fluid is found w/in the membranous labyrinth

A

endolymph

66
Q

what type of fluid is found w/in the bony labyrinth

A

perilymph; continous w/ CSF

67
Q

what area of the cochlea contains receptors for hearing

A

the cochlear duct (scala media)

68
Q

spiral organ

A

receptor epithelium for hearing

69
Q

function of inner hair cells

A

receptors that transmit vibrations of the basilar membrane

70
Q

function of the outer hair cells

A

actively tune the cochlea and amplify the signal

71
Q

function of the macula of the vestibule

A

monitor position of head when head is still

72
Q

what planes do the 3 semicircular canals lie in

A

anterior and posterior semicircular canals= vertical plane @ right angles

lateral semicircular canal=horizontal plane

73
Q

where is the crista ampullaris located and its function

A

housed in membranous ampulla; contains receptor cells of rotational acceleration, epithelium contains supporting cells and receptor hair cells

74
Q

describe the steps of the auditory pathway

A

impulses from cochlear nerve to cochlear nuclei in medulla, neurons project to superior olivary nuclei, axons ascend in lateral lemniscus to inferior colliculus, projects to medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus to primary auditory cortex

75
Q

describe the equilibrium pathway

A

transmits info on position and movement of head, most info goes to lower brain centers (reflex centers)

76
Q

motion sickness

A

carsickness, seasickness, popular theory for a cause- mismatch of sensory inputs

77
Q

Meniere’s syndrome

A

equilibrium is greatly disturbed, excessive amounts of endolymph in membranous labyrinth

78
Q

conduction deafness

A

sound vibrations cannot be conducted to the inner ear, ruptured tympanic membrane, otitis media, otosclerosis

79
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

results from damage to any part of the auditory pathway

80
Q

presbycusis

A

gradual loss of hearing w/ age

Anatomy (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions