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Anatomy > Ch. 6 > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Flashcards

1
Q

where is perichondrium found

A

surrounds cartilages

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2
Q

function of perichondrium

A

resists outward pressure, and functions in growth and repair of cartilage, springs back to original shape

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3
Q

what similarities to the different types of cartilages share?

A

cell type: chondrocyte located in lacunae, matrix contains fiber and jelly like ground substance

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4
Q

what type of cartilage is most abundant in the body

A

hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

what do the chondrocyte of hyaline cartilage look like

A

spherical

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6
Q

what type of fibers are found in hyaline cartilage

A

collagen

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7
Q

function of hyaline cartilage

A

provides support though flexibility

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8
Q

what is elastic cartilage mainly composed of

A

many elastic fibers

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9
Q

function of elastic cartilage

A

able to tolerate repeated bending

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10
Q

where in the body can elastic cartilage be found

A

epiglottis, and cartilage of external ear

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11
Q

function of fibrocartilage

A

resists strong compression and strong tension, intermediate b/t hyaline and elastic cartilage

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12
Q

where in the body can fibrocartilage be found

A

pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, and annulus fibrosis

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13
Q

what two ways does cartilage grow?

A

appositional and interstitial growth

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14
Q

appositional growth

A

chondroblasts in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage

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15
Q

interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes w/in cartilage divide and secrete new matrix

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16
Q

when does cartilage stop growing?

A

when the skeleton stops growing

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17
Q

what types of tissue does bone contain

A

bone connective tissue, nervous, blood, cartilage, and epithelial

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18
Q

function of bones

A

support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and energy metabolism

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19
Q

what type of components make up bone tissue and what are their proportions

A

35% organic components and 65% inorganic components

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20
Q

list the type of organic components found in bone

A

cells, fibers, and ground substance

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21
Q

list the types of inorganic components found in bone tissue

A

mineral salts that invade bony matrix

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22
Q

organic components found in bone contribute to what?

A

flexibility and tensile strength

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23
Q

inorganic components found in bone contribute to what?

A

provide exceptional harness, and resists compression

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24
Q

what are the three types of cells in bone that either produce or maintain bone

A

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes

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25
Q

osteogenic cells

A

see cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

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26
Q

osteoblasts

A

actively produce and secrete bone matrix (osteoid)

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27
Q

osteocytes

A

keep bone matrix healthy

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28
Q

what are osteoclasts and where are they found

A

w/in bone tissue, responsible for resorption of bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes

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29
Q

what are the 4 classifications of bones

A

long, short, flat, and irregular

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30
Q

describe long bones

A

longer than wide; a shaft plus ends

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31
Q

describe short bones

A

roughly cube-shaped

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32
Q

describe flat bones

A

thin and flattened, usually curved

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33
Q

describe irregular bones

A

various shapes, do not fit into other categories

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34
Q

describe compact bone

A

dense outer layer of bone

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35
Q

describe spongy (cancellous) bone

A

internal network of bone

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36
Q

what are trabeculae

A

little “beams” of bone, open spaces b/t trabecular filled w/ marrow

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37
Q

what similarities do flat, short, and irregular bones share apart from long bones

A

contain bone marrow but no marrow cavity, instead have Diploe (internal spongy bone of flat bones)

38
Q

what are the 3 broad categories of bone markings

A

projections for muscle attachment, surfaces that form joints, depressions, and openings

39
Q

tuberosity

A

large rounded projections; may be roughened

40
Q

crest

A

narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

41
Q

trochanter

A

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

42
Q

line

A

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

43
Q

tubercle

A

small rounded projection or process

44
Q

epicondyle

A

raised area on or above a condyle

45
Q

spine

A

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

46
Q

process

A

any bony prominence

47
Q

head

A

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

48
Q

facet

A

smooth, nearly flat articular surface

49
Q

condyle

A

rounded articular projection, often articulates w/ a corresponding fossa

50
Q

foramen

A

round or oval opening though a bone

51
Q

groove

A

furrow

52
Q

fissure

A

narrow, slitlike opening

53
Q

notch

A

indentation at the edge of a structure

54
Q

fossa

A

shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as a n articular surface

55
Q

meatus

A

canal-like passageway

56
Q

sinus

A

cavity w/in bone, filled w/ air and lined w/ mucous membrane

57
Q

describe osteons

A

long cylindrical structures, structurally resemble rings of a tree in cross section

58
Q

function of osteons

A

support

59
Q

what do osteons contain

A

lamellae, central canal, perforating canals, canaliculi

60
Q

ossification (osteogenesis)

A

bone tissue formation

61
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

membrane bones formed directly from mesenchyme

62
Q

endochondral ossification

A

other bones develop initially from hyaline cartilage

63
Q

type of bones that develop from endochrondral ossification

A

all bones except some bones of skull and clavicles

64
Q

in endochondral ossification where are bones modeled

A

in hyaline cartilage

65
Q

describe epiphyseal plates of growing bones

A

cartilage organized in stacks, chondroblasts at top divide quickly, pushing epiphysis away from diaphysis which lengthens entire long bone

66
Q

describe the process of growth in the epiphyseal growth areas

A

older chondrocytes signal surrounding matrix to calcify, then die/disinitegrate, leaves long trabecular (spicules) of calcified cartilage on diaphysis side, trabeculae partly eroded by osteoclasts, osteoblasts cover trabecular w/ bone tissue, trabecular finally eaten away from tips by osteoclasts

67
Q

during childhood and adolescence how do bones lengthen

A

entirely by growth of the epiphyseal plates, cartilage replaced w/ bone connective tissue as quickly as it grows, epiphyseal plate maintains constant thickness

68
Q

what happens as adolescence draws to an end

A

chondroblasts divide less often, epiphyseal plates become thinner, cartilage stops growing and replaced by bone tissue

69
Q

when do long bones stop lengthening

A

when diaphysis and epiphysis fuse

70
Q

osteoblasts role

A

add bone tissue to external surface of the diaphysis

71
Q

osteoclasts role

A

remove bone from the internal surface of the diaphysis

72
Q

what is appositional growth

A

growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface

73
Q

where is the growth hormone produced

A

pituitary gland

74
Q

purpose of thyroid hormone

A

ensures that skeleton retains proper proportions

75
Q

what are the two types of sex hormones

A

estrogen and testosterone

76
Q

function of sex hormones

A

promote bone growth, later induces closure of epiphyseal plates

77
Q

how many mg of calcium may enter or leave the adult skeleton each day

A

500 mg

78
Q

how often is cancellous bone of the skeleton replaced

A

every 3-4 years

79
Q

how of ten is compact bone replaced?

A

every 10 years

80
Q

where does bone deposit and removal take place

A

periosteal and endosteal surfaces

81
Q

how dos osteoclast accomplish its job

A

crawls along bone surfaces secreting concentrate HCL, lysosomal enzymes are leased to break down bone tissue

82
Q

what is osteoclast derived from

A

hematopoietic stem cells

83
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

characterized by low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition

84
Q

osteomalacia

A

occurs in adults- bones are inadequately mineralized

85
Q

rickets

A

occurs in children- analogue to osteomalacia

86
Q

osteosarcoma

A

form of bone cancer

87
Q

function of mesoderm

A

gives rise to embryonic mesenchyme cells

88
Q

function of mesenchyme

A

produces membranes and cartilage

89
Q

until what age does the skeleton grow

A

18-21

90
Q

during which stages of life does bone formation exceeds rate of bone reabsorption

A

children and adolescents

Anatomy (20 decks)

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