4B slides

Question 1

what are characteristics of prokaryotic cells

Answer 1

-no membrane bound organelles
-most abundant organisms
-diverse lifestyles and metabolisms
-found everywhere

Question 2

what do prokaryotes drive

Answer 2

chemical cycling and decomosition

Question 3

symbiosis

Answer 3

an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact

Question 4

mutualism

Answer 4

both species benefit
ex:flowers get pollinated and bees get nectar

Question 5

commensalism

Answer 5

one species benefits while the other is unaffected
ex:whale is unaffected and barnacles find food

Question 6

parasitism

Answer 6

one species benefits, and the other is harmed
ex: tick feeds on cats’ blood and the cat gets skin irritation

Question 7

what are parasitic prokaryotes

Answer 7

pathogenic

Question 8

what are 1/2 of all human diseases caused by

Answer 8

bacteria

Question 9

what do human microbiomes mostly consist of

Answer 9

commensalists and mutualists

Question 10

microbiome

Answer 10

a collection of fungi and bacteria. and viruses found in a habitat such as on/in animals and plants

Question 11

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 11

cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when the microorganisms balance in the microbiome is disrupted

Question 12

what is essential for the immune system

Answer 12

microbiome

Question 13

what makes a complete human

Answer 13

visible organs and invisible microbiome

Question 14

what does every organism require to drive reactions

Answer 14

source of energy

Question 15

what does every organism require for synthesizing organic compounds

Answer 15

source of carbon (inorganic carbon (CO2) or organic carbon

Question 16

phototrophs

Answer 16

obtain energy from sunlight

Question 17

chemotrophs

Answer 17

Obtain energy from chemicals

Question 18

example of chemicals chemotrophs use to obtain energy

Answer 18

iron or organic molecules

Question 19

are phototrophs and chemotrophs present in eukaryotes or prokaryotes

Answer 19

eukaryotes

Question 20

what do autotrophs need a source of to synthesize organic compounds

Answer 20

need only CO2 or related carbon (eg HCO3) as a carbon source

Question 21

what do heterotrophs need to synthesize organic compounds

Answer 21

at least one organic nutrient as a carbon source (eg glucose and petroleum)

Question 22

are autotrophs and heterotrophs found in eukaryotes or prokaryotes

Answer 22

eukaryotes

Question 23

what can degrade petroleum

Answer 23

fungi

Question 24

energy source of photoauotroph

Answer 24

sunlight

Question 25

carbon source for photoautotroph

Answer 25

CO2 or related compound

Question 26

chemoautroph energy source

Answer 26

inorganic chemicals (H2S, NH3, Fe2)

Question 27

carbon source or chemoautotrph

Answer 27

CO2 or related compound

Question 28

energy source of photoheterotroph

Answer 28

sunlight

Question 29

carbon source of photoheterotroph

Answer 29

organic compounds

Question 30

chemoheterotroph energy source

Answer 30

organic compound

Question 31

chemoheterotroph carbon source

Answer 31

organic compounds

Question 32

which modes are present in multicellular eukaryotes

Answer 32

photoautophs and chemoheterotrophs

Question 33

what mode are humans

Answer 33

chemoheterotrophs

Question 34

carbon source

Answer 34

The molecules that an organism uses as its carbon source for generating biomass are referred to as "carbon sources" in biology. It is possible for organic or inorganic sources of carbon

Question 35

saprobes

Answer 35

decomposers

Question 36

what do parasites rely on

Answer 36

living host

Question 37

what does nitrogen fixation male

Answer 37

atmospheric nitrogen available to other organisms

Question 38

process of nitrogen fixation

Answer 38

convert N2 into ammonia (NH3) which is quickly protonated into ammonium (NH4)

Question 39

what is essential for multicellular life

Answer 39

nitrogen fixation

Question 40

can prokaryotes fix nitrogen

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

Thylakoid membrane

Answer 41

localized membranes that carry out photosynthesis

Question 42

mitochondria

Answer 42

sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

Question 43

what is one of the main functions of the two membranes of a mitochondrion

Answer 43

to create the inter-membrane space between them. The inner membrane allows hydrogen ions to pass through it and into the inter-membrane space. However the outer mitochondrial membrane does not allow the hydrogen ions to leave

Question 44

where are chloroplasts found

Answer 44

found in plants and algae

Question 45

what are chlorplasts sites of

Answer 45

photosynthesis

Question 46

inner and outer membrane purpose of chloroplast

Answer 46

The outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope, like that of mitochondria, contains porins and is therefore freely permeable to small molecules. In contrast, the inner membrane is impermeable to ions and metabolites, which are therefore able to enter chloroplasts only via specific membrane transporters.

Question 47

what constrained prokaryotes evolution

Answer 47

their small size and limited genome

Question 48

what did compartmentation in the eukaryotic cell allow

Answer 48

evolution of larger cells because chemical reactions became more efficient

Question 49

what are the two types of prokaryotes

Answer 49

bacteria and archea

Question 50

are humans more closelt relared to archea or bacteria

Answer 50

archea

Question 51

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 51

transport proteins throughout the cell via vesicles. Site for protein synthesize

Question 52

endosymbiosis

Answer 52

one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organisms

Question 53

endosymbiont theory

Answer 53

the theory that mitochondria and plastids originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by a host cell. The engulfed cell and its host then evolved into a single organisms

Question 54

plastids

Answer 54

any class of small organelles such as chloroplasts in the cytoplasm of plant cells containing pigment or food

Question 55

what are alpha proteobacterium a branch of

Answer 55

aerobic bacteria with DNA that are most similar to mitochondrial DNA

Question 56

how do mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate

Answer 56

by binary fission

Question 57

what evidence supports the endosymbiont theory

Answer 57

1)mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, ribosomes, double membranes 2)mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate by binary fission 3)DNA similar to prokaryotes that had similar functions

Question 58

Compartmentalization in cells is

Answer 58

the separation of the cell interior in distinct compartments with specific local conditions that allow the simultaneous occurrence of diverse metabolic reactions and processes.

Question 59

Prokaryotes are

Answer 59

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

Question 60

How is it possible for a single genome to give rise to multiple cell types?

Answer 60

As cells divide, they differentiate by expressing different sets of genes (turn off and on genes responsible for each cell type). turn on and off genes to control which proteins are synthesized

Question 61

What is the vast majority of eukaryotic diversity

Answer 61

unicellular