Intro Module Ch1,25 Flashcards by Arianna Anderson

What is biology

the study of life

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what properties does life depend on?

order (structure), evolutionary adaptation, regulation, reproduction,, response to the environment, growth, and development, energy processing

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what is coevolution

close interactions between different species sculpted genetic information to produce compatible traits

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levels of biological organization

1)biosphere 2)ecosystem 3)communities 4)populations 5)organisms 6)organs 7)tissue 8) cells 9)organelles 10)molecules

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reductionism

reduces complex systems to simpler components at are more manageable to study (can provide incomplete view)

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emergent properties

new properties that arise with each step up hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

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what is every cell enclosed by

a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surrounding

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what are the two main forms of cells

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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what two groups of single celled organisms are prokaryotic cells found in

bacteria and archaea

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what do eukaryotic cells contain

membrane enclosed organelles

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what is found in the cells of all eukaryotes

DNA containing nucleus

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what are all forms of life composed of (plants, animals)

eukaryotic cells

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chloroplast

organelle found only in eukaryotes that carry out photosyntheis

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what do prokaryotic cells lack

a nucleus or other membrance encolsed organelles, smaller than eukaryotic cells

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what cell is this

eukaryotic cell

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what cell is this

prokaryotic cell

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chromosomes

info within cells, contain genetic material in forms of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

1 chromosome=one long strand of DNA = tons of genes

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what are genes

unit of inheritance

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DNA

made of strands (two long chains) arranged in double helix

each chain = 4 kinds of chemical buikding blocks (nucleotides)
1)A 2)T 3)C 4)G

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how do protein encoding genes control proteins indirectly

using RNA

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what is a sequence of nucleotides along a gene transcribed into? What are they then translated to

mRNA

linked series of protein building blocks called amino acids

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gene expression

process by which info in a gene directs manufacture of a cellular product

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what protein helps lens of an eye to focus

crystallin

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what causes differences in organisms

nucleotide sequences not genetic code

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what is evidence for all life is related

genetic code

genome

library of genetic instructions an organism inherits

genomics

molecular bio about structure, function, evolution +mapping of genomes

proteome

entire set of proteins expressed by given cell, tissue, or organism

how does energy typically leave an ecosystem

as heat

what are three groups of organisms

1)bacteria 2)archaea 3)eukarya

how do you read a phylogenetic tree

-each node is a species -dagger symbol means extinct

what drives evolution

large scale processes such as geological processes ie pangea

adaptive radiation

groups of organisms (eg mammals) for many new species who adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles/niches

for fossil record

old stratum at bottom young stratum at top

what can all life be traced back to

origin of unicellular organisms in the ocean called stromatolites

what era is most of our fossil history found

Phanerozoic

memorize, each hash is 250 million years

what similar trait to first organisms has been inherited by present day organisms

info flows from the genome to physical traits or phenotypes

atmospheric oxygen

-around 2.7 billion years ago -altered atmosphere creating new challenges and opportunities for evolving life -was toxic for a lot of cells in beginning

photosynthesis and oxygen revolution

-many prokaryotes went extinct and others lived in anaerobic environments, others adapted -goes essentially from 0% to 100% similar levels of oxygen in earths atmosphere to today -substantial increase of oxygen bc of photosynthesis -wobbly parts is because of ice age/glacial periods

how did eukaryotes originate

by endosymbiosis of a prokaryotic cell which evolved into a mitochondrion

what did compartmentalization by organelles lead to

increased cell size, complexity and metabolic efficiency

what was endosymbiont able to utilize

oxygen and could have been a prey or parasite of the host prokaryote which was likely an Archean. eventually, the relationship became mutually beneficial and evolved into a single celled organisms

endosymbiosis

ingestion of this bacterium

when did first eukaryotes occur

2 billion years ago

what did cooperation between single celled eukaryotes eventually lead to

multi cellularity

how did cells with aggregates begin to express their genetic info

differently giving rise to distinct types of tissues

What are some of the oldest multicellular eukaryotic fossils

red algae from 1.2 billion years ago

first plants and animals when? what were they?

600 mya -ediacariam biota: soft bodies invertebrates animals

when was cambrian explosion

between 535 and 525 mya

what occurred during Cambrian explosion

-predator prey interactions:evidenced by offensive (claws) and defensive adaptations (body armor) -diverse body plans

what were animals like before cambrian explosion

grazers, filter feeders or scavengers

colonization of land when

500 mya

what first began to colonize land

fungi, plants, animals -fungi in plants had symbiotic relationships

what does evolution of vascularization allow plants to do

spread throughout terrestrial environments

what colonized land next (beside fungi and plants)

anthropoids and tetrapods (most diverse and widespread land animals)

what is a tetrapod

4 limbed animals such as humans

how does diversification happen

adaptations

what helped plant reproduction

seed dispersion

when were first humans

195,000 ya

when and what did human lineage diverge from

primates 6-7 mya

how much DNA do we share with chimps and great apes

98%

what are large scale processes that cause changes over time

-continental drift -mass extinction -adaptive radiation

what does continental drift do to species

organisms are under constant pressure to adapt to ever changing habitats organisms have ti adapt to changing geology

what can separation of land masse cause

lead to speciation through isolation

what do fossil records show about past species

that most species that have ever lived are now extinct

how many mass extinctions have occured

five

-x-axis is time -y-axis is total extinction rate -secondary y-axis shows number of families that are present -peaks in red lines are associated with mass extinction events, decline in blue line families constantly

in each mass extinction how many marine species became extinct

50% or more

when was origin of earth

4.6 billion years ago

when was first prokaryote cell

3.5 billion years ago

Intro Module Ch1,25 Flashcards

(71 cards)