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MCAT > BIOLOGY CH 14 > Flashcards

BIOLOGY CH 14 Flashcards

1
Q

The synthesis of sperm is known as?

A

Spermatogenesis

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2
Q

The name for male sex hormones?

A

Androgens

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3
Q

Androgens are secreted into the bloodstream by?

A

The testes

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4
Q

Where is the site of spermatogenesis?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

The walls of the seminiferous tubules are made of?

A

Sustenacular cells aka sertoli cells

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6
Q

What do the sustenacular/sertoli cells do?

A

Protect developing sperm and compose the walls of the seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

What is the testicular interstitium and what do they contain?

A

The tissue between the seminiferous tubules. They contain interstitial/Leydig cells

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8
Q

Which cells synthesize androgens?

A

Interstitial/Leydig cells

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9
Q

What is the route of the sperm?

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules enter the epididymis
  2. From the epididymis, enters the ductus dferens (aka vas deferens
  3. The ductus deferens into the inguinal canal
  4. The inguinal canal joins the siminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
  5. The ejaculatory duct joins the urethra
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10
Q

What are the 3 accessory glands?

A
  1. Seminal vesicles
  2. Prostate
  3. Bulbourethral glands
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11
Q

What do the seminal vesicles contribute?

A

60% of semen into the ejaculatory duct, mostly fructose

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12
Q

What does the prostate contribute?

A

35% of semen, fructose and coagulant

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13
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands contribute?

A

3% of semen, thick, alkaline mucus; lubricates and neutralizes

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14
Q

3 compartments contain erectile tissue

A 
Corpora cavernosa (2)
Corpus spongosium (1)
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15
Q

List the 3 stages of the male sexual act

A
  1. Arousal
  2. Orgasm
  3. Resolution
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16
Q

The male sexual act is controlled by…

A

The integrating center in the spinal, which is activated by the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

The ____________ secretes a viscous mucous which serves as a lubricant

A

bulbourethral gland

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18
Q

T/F: Arousal and orgasm are dependent on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

False. Arousal is dependent on the parasympathetic nervous system and orgasm is dependent on the sympathetic.

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19
Q

T/F: Resolution is dependent on the sympathetic nervous system?

A

True

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20
Q

_______ —(meiotic division)—> haploid gametes

A

Diploid germ cells

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21
Q

spermatoza + ova —> ____________

A

Zygote

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22
Q

Where are immature sperm precursor found?

A

Outer wall of the seminiferous tubule

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23
Q

Where are nearly mature spermatoza found?

A

Deposited lumen of seminiferous tubule

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24
Q

What is the route of sperm development?

A
  1. Spermatogonium
  2. Primary spermatocyte
  3. Secondary spermatocyte
  4. Spermatids
  5. Spermatoza
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25
Q

Does the primary spermatocyte undergo the first of second meiotic division?

A

The first.

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26
Q

Where are spermatids located?

A

Inner region of the seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

T/F: Spermatoza are motile when they reach the epididymis?

A

False

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28
Q

Where do spermatoza become motile?

A

When they reach the ductus deferens

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29
Q

The head of a spermatoza contains?

A

An acrosome and bindin

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30
Q

LH is secreted by the ______ .

A

Anterior pituitary

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31
Q

FSH is secreted by the ______ .

A

Anterior pituitary

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32
Q

Testosterone is secreted by the ______ .

A

Interstital/leydig cells in the testes

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33
Q

Interstitial/Leydig cells are stimulated by ______ .

A

LH

34
Q

Sustenacular/sertoli cells are stimulated by _____ .

A

FSH

35
Q

Sustenacular/sertoli cells secrete ______ which inhibits FSH.

A

Inhibin

36
Q

Wolffian ducts and Mullerian ducts are present in the ______________ of a developing embryo.

A

first few weeks

37
Q

Wolffian duct is male or female?

A

Male

38
Q

Mullerian duct is male or female?

A

Female

39
Q

Does the Wolffian duct or Mullerian duct occur by default?

A

Mullerian duct

40
Q

T/F: External female genitalia are derived from the mullerian duct?

A

False

41
Q

What causes the development of male internal AND external genitalia?

A

The Y chromosome produces testes which results in the production of both testosterone, which causes Wolffian duct development, and mullerian inhibiting factor

42
Q

Testosterone must be converted to ______________ in the systemic circuit to exert its effect in creating external genitalia.

A

Dihydrosterone

43
Q

What is the female analogous structure of the male’s ductus deferens?

A

Uterine tubes

44
Q

Name the female equivalents (homologous structures)

  1. Testis
  2. Penis
  3. Bulbourethral glands
  4. Scrotum
A
  1. Ovary
  2. Clitoris
  3. Greater vestibular glands
  4. Labia major
45
Q

What is the ovary for?

A

Gamete and hormone production

46
Q

What is the clitoris for?

A

Erectile tissue, sensation

47
Q

What is the greater vestibular glands for?

A

Lubrication (female)

48
Q

What is the bulbourethral glands for?

A

Lubrication (male)

49
Q

What are male sex hormones called?

A

Androgens

50
Q

What are female sex hormones called?

A

Estrogen

51
Q

Name an androgen.

A

Testosteron

52
Q

Name an estrogen.

A

Estradiol

53
Q

Describe testosterone levels throughout one’s life.

A

Falls after birth until puberty and remains high through life

54
Q

The ____________ releases GnRH

A

Hypothalamus

55
Q

GnRH stimulates the pituitary to release _____ & _____ .

A

FSH & LH

56
Q

What does LH do for men?

A

Acts on interstital/leydig cells to stimulate testosterone production.

57
Q

What does FSH do for men?

A

Stimulates sustenacular cells, which produces inhibin, which decreases FSH production

58
Q

What does LH do for women?

A

Stimulates formulation of the corpus luteum and progesterone secretion

59
Q

What does FSH do for women?

A

Stimulates granulosa cells to secrete estrogen.

60
Q

Without testosterone, the __________ form the labia majora.

A

Labioscrotal

61
Q

The mullerian duct creates internal genitalia: (3 things)

A
  1. Vagina
  2. Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
  3. Uterus
62
Q

The vagina leads to the ________ with the _______ in between.

A

The vagina leads to the uterus ( =womb ) with the cervix ( =neck ) in between

63
Q

The innermost lining of the uterus is the _____ .

A

Endometrium

64
Q

The outer layer of the uterus is the ______ .

A

Myometrium, smooth muscle

65
Q

The uterus ends in two ______ .

A

Uterus tubes a.k.a. fallopian tubes

66
Q

Each uterine tube ends in a bunch of finger-like structures called the ____________ .

A

Fimbriae

67
Q

How long can resolution last for a woman?

A

20-30 min

68
Q

T/F: Women do not ejaculate

A

True

69
Q

In the ovary of a female fetus, germ cells divide mitotically to produce _______ .

A

Oogonia

70
Q

At ___(time)____, 7 million oogonia will enter meiosis and arrest in ___(meiotic phase)____ as _______ .

A

At (20 weeks, mid-gestation), 7 million oogonia will enter meiosis and arrest in (prophase I) as (primary oocytes) .

71
Q

At birth, females have ________ primary oocytes, at puberty about ________ . Only ________ are ovulated, the rest degenerate.

A

2 million, to 400,000, to 400

72
Q

The first meiotic division in females is completed during?

A

The beginning of puberty following hormonal changes

73
Q

The first female meiotic division results in?

A

A large secondary oocyte and a polar body

74
Q

T/F: The first polar body contains organelles?

A

False. It just contains half the DNA.

75
Q

T/F: The first polar body stays in close proximity to the secondary oocyte?

A

True.

76
Q

What causes the secondary oocyte to complete oogenesis?

A

Being fertilized

77
Q

What results after a secondary oocyte is fertilized?

A

An ovum and second polar body

78
Q

A primary oocyte found in a clump of supporting cells called _______ .

A

Granulosa cells

79
Q

Oocyte + granulosa cells = ?

A

Follicle

80
Q

Immature primary oocyte + single layer of granulosa cells = ?

A

Primordial follicle

MCAT (20 decks)

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