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SP2017 Micro Exam#2 > Lecture 8- Fungi > Flashcards

Lecture 8- Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

fungi are… decomposers

A

principle

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2
Q

most fungi are… living but some are a part of the human flora

A

free

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3
Q

most fungi are strict… ( a few are facultative anaerobes)

A

aerobes

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4
Q

Are fungi eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes

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5
Q

fungi make up their own..

A

kingdom

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6
Q

similar to eukaryotes, fungi have a defined…

A

nucleus

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7
Q

cell membranes of fungi consists of… (mammalian cells contain cholesterol)

A

ergosterol

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8
Q

cell walls of fungi are unique, they are made of…,.., and…
this is different from the cell walls of plants and bacteria

A

chitin, mannan and glucan

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9
Q

3 major categories of fungi that are medically relevant

A

yeast (unicellular)
molds (multicellular)
dimorphic fungi (exits as both mold and yeast)

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10
Q

yeast are single cells and they replicate by…

A

budding

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11
Q

molds are … fungi

A

filamentous

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12
Q

mold can reproduce by 2 ways:

A

asexual

sexual

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13
Q

when molds reproduce asexually they do it by… that form on the tips of growing hyphae

A

conidia

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14
Q

when molds reproduce sexually it is through the development of ..

A

spores

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15
Q

dimorphic fungi will be … at room temp and … at body temp

A

mold

yeast

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16
Q

… immunity provides great protection from fungal infections

A

innate

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17
Q

…. immunity if required to eliminate fungal infections

A

t-cell mediated

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18
Q

… and… are primary mechanisms for containing fungal infections

A

phagocytosis and killing by neutrophils

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19
Q

Some fungi are too large to be phagocytized so the phagocytic cells secrete…

A

enzymes and ROS that can digest or kill large fungi

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20
Q

… cell mediated response is important for fungal infections which is why AIDS patients are particularly susceptible

A

CD4+TH1/TH17

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21
Q

antibodies are a … component in protection for fungal infections

A

minor

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22
Q

…. are infections caused by geographically restricted fungi (true pathogens)- cause serious systemic infections in healthy individuals

A

endemic mycoses

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23
Q

… cause life-threatening systemic disease in immunosuppressed patients

A

opportunistic mycoses

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24
Q

…. are fungal diseases of the skin, subcutaneous tissue and lymphatics

A

subcutaneous mycoses

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25
Q

…. are common fungal infections limited to the skin and skin structures

A

superficial cutaneous mycoses

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26
Q

Endemic mycoses are geographically restricted… fungi that infect healthy people. 3 types are…

A

dimorphic

  1. histoplasmosis
  2. blastobycosis
  3. coccidioidomycosis
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27
Q

… is an endemic mycoses that is caused by… and is located in … and… river valleys and it is found in … and … poop

A 
histoplasmosis
histoplasma capsulatum
mississippi
ohio
bird
bat
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28
Q

… is an endemic mycoses that is caused by…. and is found in the… river valley and .. and … central states. It is …

A 
blastomycosis
blastomyces dermatitis
mississippi
southeastern
north
soil mold
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29
Q

…., also called…, is caused by… and it is found in … U.S. and is known as….

A 
coccidioidomycosis
valley fever
coccidioides
southwestern
desert soils
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30
Q

endemic mycoses are mostly… or has… symptoms and … is required for clearance. The… is the primary site of entry

A
  • asymptomatic
  • mild, self-limiting
  • cell-mediated immunity (CD4 T-cells)
  • lung
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31
Q

Histoplasmosis grows in soil with …. content fertilized by birds and in caves where bat guano is present

A

high nitrogen

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32
Q

histoplasmosis is a …. fungus which means its a mold in the environment- macroconidia (tuberculate) and microcondidia (infectious) and at body temp it assumes…

A
  • dimorphic soil

- yeast

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33
Q

Clusters of infection of histoplasmosis can be caused during the … of an old building that disrupts the soil

A

demolition

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34
Q

histoplasma capsulatm transforms into… in the lungs although this process is poorly understood, it is essential for disease process

A

yeast

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35
Q

histoplasma capsulate is a … system infection which means it remains viable in macrophages by modulating the phagolysomal pH

A

reticuloendothelial (macrophage)

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36
Q

The disease manifestation in histoplasmosis depends on number of …inhaled and the host response (cell-mediated immune response). Most people infected have… symptoms but if a large amount is inhaled, even healthy people can get,,,

A
  • conidia/spores
  • no to mild
  • severe pneumonia
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37
Q

Patients with … are at higher risk for complications if they get histoplasmosis

A

COPD

38
Q

Disseminated histoplasmosis occurs in almost everyone infected with H. capsulatum, its usually … in healthy ppl but can be more severe in immunocompromised patients and can result in … which is serve pneumonia or… which happens in older patients and can result in death

A
  • asymptomatic
  • acute dis. hist.
  • chronic progressive dis. hist.
39
Q

Diagnosis of histoplasmosis can be done either by …. but this can take 6 weeks or by…

A
  • growth of organism (definitive)

- histopathological analysis

40
Q

treatment for mild-moderate infections of histoplasmosis is… for 3-12 months

A

itraconazole

41
Q

treatment for severe histoplasmosis is… to contain then switch to itraconazole

A

amphotericin B

42
Q

Blastomycosis is… which means its a fungus in the environment and yeast at body temp. The yeast has a…. cell wall and … budding in the lungs

A
  • dimorphic
  • thick
  • broad based
43
Q

.. and… is the likely source of blastomycosis and it is mostly…. cases

A

soil
decaying wood
sporadic

44
Q

Disease occurs with blastomycosis when…. and it multiplies leading to…

A
  • inhaled into lungs

- pneumonia

45
Q

…. are common with blastomycosis and… -spread by blood

A

skin lesions

dissemination

46
Q

… can develop with blastomycosis and yeast remains viable and reactivate later

A

granulomas

47
Q

… is required to clear blastomycosis

A

cell mediated immunity

48
Q

treatment of blastomycosis is similar to..

A

histoplasmosis

49
Q

Coccidioides immitis and coccidiodies posadasii are found in…. and burrows of desert animals. The proper environmental conditions allow.. to form. In endemic areas, … % of ppl have been infected

A
  • desert soils
  • “blooms”
  • 80%S
50
Q

coccidioidomycosis is a real problem for prison population in… so there are efforts to keep dust levels down

A

san jaquin valley

51
Q

Coccidioidomycosis is dimorphic but is NOT

A

temperature dependent

52
Q

In coccidioidomycosis, … (the mold form) is highly infectious and inhaled into alveoli. In tissues the mold turns into the yeast form- …. which are resistant to phagocytosis. The mold form can be phagocytose and killed.

A 
arthroconidia
spherules (endosomes lyse out of this)
53
Q

Healthy people usually don’t have symptoms with coccidioidomycosis but when symptomatic it is called… which results in… which is self-limiting and has symptoms such as cough,fever,chills,stiff muscles, rash. This disease can become…. and … can occur months or years later.
…. is needed to control infection

A
  • desert rheumatism or valley fever
  • disseminated
  • chronic pulmonary infection
  • cell mediated immunity (CD4 T-cells)
54
Q

individuals that have an increased risk for Disseminated coccidiomycosis are

A

dark skinned
pregnant
immunocompromised

55
Q

…. can be a complication of disseminated coccidiomycosis which is fatal if not treated. This requires lifelong… therapy

A

chronic meningitis

anti fungal

56
Q

antifungals have severe side effects-…. and … can result

A

light sensitivity

skin cancers

57
Q

3 opportunistic fungal diseases

A
  1. candidiasis-candida
  2. cryptococcosis-cryptococcus
  3. aspergillosis-aspergillus
58
Q

Source of candida

A

normal flora-yeast

59
Q

Source of cryptococcus

A

encapsulated environmental yeast

60
Q

Source of aspergillus

A

common environmental mold

61
Q

opportunistic fungal pathogens are not … pathogens because only cause disease if host defenses are decreased

A

true

62
Q

all systemic infections of candida are…

A

life threatening

63
Q

3 places candida infections can occur

A
  1. mucosal (thrush) mouth,vagina
  2. cutaneous (diaper rash) under breasts
  3. systemic infection (IVs) (micro abscesses in multiple organs)
64
Q

candida reproduce by forming…. or…

Some form… in vivo (non temperature dependent dimorphism)

A

buds or blastoconidia

hyphae

65
Q

candida is a …. exception, the…. not yeast is form found in tissues

A

dimorphism

mycelial (hyphae)

66
Q

Cryptococcosis is an…. yeast and expresses a huge… in host. It is found worldwide in … contaminated with…
Approximately 20% of cases are immunocompetent patients

A
  • environmental
  • polysaccharide capsule
  • soil
  • bird excreta
67
Q

Candida test is called… and is this shows elongated buds from yeast when exposed to…

A

germ tube test

calf serum

68
Q

mucosal infection of candida treatment

A

topical antifungal cream

69
Q

systemic infection of candida … require systemic antifungal. The most common are… and…
… is used for invasive candidiasis

A

always (2 week min)
Fluconazole
Echinocandin
Amphotericin B

70
Q

In cryptococcosis, … are inhaled into alveoli producing asymptomatic lung infection

A

yeast

71
Q

In lungs, cryptococcosis yeast produces… which is major virulence factor which prevents phagocytosis by macrophages

A

polysaccharide capsule

72
Q

cryptococcosis most often presents as…

A

meningitis

73
Q

Treatment of cryptococcosis meningitis is by….

A

amphotericin B and flucytosine followed by fluconazole

74
Q

Pulmonary infections treated by

A

fluconazole

75
Q

Aspergillosis is a … fungi, it has “…” mold, reproduces by … reporduction. It is … in soil

A

filamentous
fluffy
sexual
ubiquitous

76
Q

Aspergillosis:
Conidia are inhaled into upper and lower respiratory tracts and germinate into….

… can kill conidia that reach alveoli but not hyphae form

… line up along hyphae and secrete RO intermediates that kill fungus

A

hyphae
macrophages
neutrophils

77
Q

Asperigillous can cause (3)

A

invasive pulmonary asper.
sinus invasion
dissemination

78
Q

Diagnosis os aspergillosis is best with

A

tissue biopsy

79
Q

treatment for aspergillosis

A

voriconazole

80
Q

… is hypopigmented or hyper- patches on chest or neck

A

tinea versicolor

81
Q

… is patches with gready scales in facial hair and scalp

A

seborrheic dermatitis

82
Q

… is the most common fingal infections in humans. It infects …. tissues.
Not able to grow at body temp.
Clinical disease is called…. (ringworm, athletes foot, jock itch)

A

dermatophyte skin infections
keratinized
tinea

83
Q

dermatophytes are not part of..

A

normal flora

84
Q

Derrmatophytes have … that grow outward in centrifugal pattern.

… infections are rare

A

hyphae

systemic

85
Q

subcutaneous mycoses are “mycoses of…”

generally localized

widespread cutaneous and visceral infections with IC patients

A

implantation

86
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses is dimorphic and is cause of…

Disseminated disease only in IC

A

sporotrichosis (rose pickers dz)

87
Q

Another subcutaneous mycoses:

… (madura foot) is chronic ifnection of sinus tract nodules and discharge of visible grains. can infect bone or muscle

A

mycetoma

88
Q

Another subcutaneous mycoses:

…. caused by “dematiaceous fungi” or black fungus, it is scaly wart like lesions on foot and requires amputation

A

chromoblastomycosis

89
Q

2 classes of fungal drugs

A

azoles

polyenes

90
Q

Azoles interfere with… and is fungistatic. the most common is…

A

ergosterol synthesis

itraconazole

91
Q

Polyenes are…. so they bind to cell wall ergoesterol and form channels, … is common one

A

lipophilic

amphotericin B

SP2017 Micro Exam#2 (12 decks)

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